Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of esophageal cancer of Anhui Province in 2012. Methods The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer of Anhui Province were analyzed, age-specific incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer were calculated stratified by urban or rural,gender and age group. Chinese population census in 2000 were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results The crude incidence of esophageal cancer was 26.73/100 000,incidence standardized by Chinese standard population (ASR China) was 20.80/100 000 with the cumulative incidence rate(0-74 years old) of 2.64%. The crude mortality of esophageal cancer was 17.77/100 000,mortality standardized by Chinese standard population (ASR China) was 13.67/100 000, and the cumulative mortality rate(0-74 years old) was 1.60%. The morphology verified cases (MV%) of esophageal cancer in Anhui Province was 68.04%,5.04% of incident cases were identified through death certifications only (DCO%), and the ratio of mortality to incidence was 0.66. Conclusions This study reflects the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in urban and rural areas of Anhui Province in 2012, The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in Anhui is about the same as in China. The early diagnosis and treatment measures should be carried out in male and older than 60 years population.