Abstract: Objective To observe the protective effect of bioimpedance spectroscopy guided ultrafiltration on residual renal function in new hemodialysis patients. Methods Patients with end-stage renal disease recruited from January 2015 to June 2016,were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. And all the patients were followed up for 3 months. The ultrafiltration was guided by the bioimpedance spectroscopy analysis in the experimental group, while the ultrafiltration was based on the edema,blood pressure, symptoms of low blood pressure and the increase of weight during the hemodialysis interphase in the control group. The difference of residual renal function, 24 hours urine volume and the incidence rate of adverse events between the two groups were collected. Results Compared with the control group, the urine volume(932.58±230.16 ml vs 584.45±137.76 ml,t=7.226,P<0.001)and residual renal function(RRF)(4.55±0.90 ml/min vs 3.08±0.68 ml/min,t=7.300,P<0.001)in the experimental group were higher. The drop of RRF(3.14±2.05 ml/min vs 4.40±2.09 ml/min, t=-2.384,P=0.020) and urinary volume (452.58±456.96 ml vs 877.45±452.45 ml, t=-3.679,P=0.001) were lower in the experimental group. While there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups(t=2.081,P=0.084). Conclusions It is helpful for slowing down the decline of residual renal function by using the bioimpedance spectroscopy guided ultrafiltration.