Epidemiological characteristics of hearing loss among workers exposed to noise in Chinese industrial enterprises in 2020
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摘要:
目的 了解中国工业企业接触噪声劳动者听力损失的流行病学特征，为制定预防控制策略提供科学依据。 方法 从“职业病与健康危害因素监测”信息系统中提取2020年采矿业、制造业和电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业三大门类行业噪声作业劳动者的职业健康档案，从行业、地区、性别、年龄、工龄和企业规模等维度对听力障碍和双耳高频平均听阈损失两个听力损失指标进行分析。 结果 本研究共收集噪声作业劳动者职业健康检查个案303.45万人，听力障碍检出人数为81.57万人，检出率为26.88%，高频听力损失检出人数为26.55万人，检出率为8.75%。采矿业企业中劳动者的听力障碍和高频听损检出率分别为29.96%和10.11%，均高于其他行业工业企业。听力障碍检出率较高地区为西南、中南和华东地区，分别为30.21%、29.99%和29.90%；高频听损检出率较高地区为中南和西南地区，分别为11.12%和9.78%。男性听力障碍和高频听损检出率均高于女性，分别为28.60%和9.98%，且听力障碍和高频听损检出率均呈现随年龄和工龄增长而递增的趋势。小微型企业听力障碍和高频听损检出率分别为37.56%和12.36%，均高于大型和中型企业。 结论 中国工业企业噪声作业劳动者听力障碍和高频听力损失检出率较高, 应加强对工作场所噪声的控制和接触噪声劳动者的个体防护，以保护劳动者健康。 Abstract:Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hearing loss among noise-exposed workers in Chinese industrial enterprises, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control strategies. Methods The occupational health files of workers exposed to noise in the three major industries of mining, manufacturing, production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water in 2020 were obtained from the "Occupational Disease and Health Hazardous Factors Surveillance System". Hearing impairment and binaural high-frequency average hearing threshold loss were analyzed by industry, region, gender, age, working age, enterprise scale. Results A total of 3 034 500 cases were collected, and 815 800 persons with hearing impairment and 265 500 persons with high-frequency hearing loss were detected, with a detection rate of 26.88% and 8.75%, respectively. The detection rate of hearing impairment and high-frequency hearing loss in the mining industry was 29.96% and 10.11%, which were higher than those in other industries. The regions with a higher detection rate of hearing impairment were Southwest, Central South and East China, accounting for 30.21%, 29.99% and 29.90%, respectively. The regions with higher high-frequency hearing loss detection rates were Central South and Southwest, accounting for 11.12% and 9.78% respectively. The detection rates of hearing impairment and high-frequency hearing loss in males were higher than those in women, accounting for 28.60% and 9.98% respectively. The detection rates of hearing impairment and high-frequency hearing loss both showed an increasing trend with age and working age. The detection rates of hearing impairment and high-frequency hearing loss of small and micro enterprise were 37.56% and 12.36%, which were higher than those of large and medium-sized enterprises. Conclusions The detection rate of hearing impairment and high-frequency hearing loss among noise-exposed workers in Chinese industrial enterprises is relatively high. It is necessary to strengthen the control of workplace noise and individual protection of noise-exposed workers to protect workers' health. -
Key words:
- Noise /
- Industrial enterprises /
- Hearing impairment /
- High frequency hearing loss
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表 1 2020年中国工业企业接触噪声劳动者分布特征[n(%)]
Table 1. Distribution characteristics of workers exposed to noise in Chinese industrial enterprises in 2020 [n(%)]
分布特征 体检人数(万人) 采矿业(万人) 制造业(万人) 电力、热力、燃气及水
生产和供应业(万人)χ2值 P值 地区 373 758 < 0.001 华北 67.30(22.18) 20.59(42.88) 42.51(17.88) 4.19(23.74) 东北 23.58(7.77) 3.81(7.94) 17.39(7.31) 2.38(13.50) 华东 107.36(35.38) 4.95(10.32) 98.30(41.34) 4.11(23.28) 中南 30.61(10.09) 3.27(6.82) 25.50(10.72) 1.84(10.42) 西南 47.95(15.80) 5.21(10.85) 40.44(17.01) 2.30(13.04) 西北 26.65(8.78) 10.18(21.19) 13.64(5.74) 2.83(16.01) 性别 50 425 < 0.001 男 242.10(79.78) 43.74(91.07) 183.47(77.16) 14.89(84.39) 女 61.35(20.22) 4.29(8.93) 54.31(22.84) 2.75(15.61) 年龄(岁) 25 449 < 0.001 15~ < 20 1.43(0.47) 0.05(0.10) 1.35(0.57) 0.03(0.19) 20~ < 30 49.51(16.32) 5.47(11.40) 39.81(16.74) 4.23(23.96) 30~ < 40 103.15(33.99) 15.38(32.02) 82.11(34.53) 5.66(32.08) 40~ < 50 95.19(31.37) 16.89(35.18) 73.46(30.89) 4.84(27.42) 50~ < 60 51.47(16.96) 9.91(20.63) 38.76(16.30) 2.81(15.93) ≥60 2.70(0.89) 0.33(0.68) 2.30(0.97) 0.07(0.42) 工龄(年) 113 129 < 0.001 < 5 142.78(47.05) 15.46(32.20) 120.91(50.85) 6.41(36.32) 5~ < 10 67.64(22.29) 10.43(21.73) 53.38(22.45) 3.82(21.67) 10~ < 15 42.85(14.12) 9.52(19.83) 30.94(13.01) 2.38(13.50) 15~ < 20 18.34(6.04) 4.45(9.26) 12.78(5.38) 1.11(6.29) 20~ < 25 11.69(3.85) 2.83(5.89) 7.69(3.24) 1.16(6.60) 25~ < 30 10.05(3.31) 2.74(5.70) 6.00(2.52) 1.32(7.48) ≥30 10.11(3.33) 2.59(5.40) 6.08(2.56) 1.44(8.14) 企业规模 75 415 < 0.001 大 85.43(28.15) 20.20(42.07) 60.33(25.37) 4.91(27.80) 中 96.75(31.88) 15.80(32.90) 74.50(31.33) 6.45(36.57) 小微 121.26(39.96) 12.02(25.03) 102.95(43.30) 6.29(35.64) 合计 303.45(100.00) 48.02(100.00) 237.78(100.00) 17.65(100.00) 
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表 2 2020年中国工业企业接触噪声劳动者听力损失流行病学特征[n(%)]
Table 2. Epidemiological characteristics of hearing loss among workers exposed to noise in Chinese industrial enterprises in 2020 [n(%)]
分布特征 采矿业 制造业 电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业 总计 听力障碍(万人) 高频听损(万人) 听力障碍(万人) 高频听损(万人) 听力障碍(万人) 高频听损(万人) 听力障碍(万人) χ2值 P值 高频听损(万人) χ2值 P值 地区 24 323 < 0.001 4 589 < 0.001 华北 5.30(25.73) 1.78(8.65) 8.16(19.18) 2.95(6.94) 0.76(18.21) 0.24(5.82) 14.22(21.13) 4.98(7.39) 东北 1.28(33.58) 0.42(11.04) 3.48(20.01) 1.40(8.03) 0.52(21.64) 0.24(10.24) 5.27(22.37) 2.06(8.74) 华东 1.85(37.43) 0.49(9.89) 29.44(29.95) 8.59(8.73) 0.81(19.63) 0.24(5.75) 32.10(29.90) 9.31(8.67) 中南 1.25(38.16) 0.47(14.29) 7.47(29.31) 2.75(10.79) 0.46(24.88) 0.19(10.08) 9.18(29.99) 3.40(11.12) 西南 2.18(38.16) 0.63(12.08) 11.83(29.25) 3.91(9.67) 0.47(20.55) 0.15(6.53) 14.48(30.21) 4.69(9.78) 西北 2.52(24.78) 1.07(10.49) 3.33(24.44) 0.91(6.70) 0.46(16.38) 0.12(4.38) 6.32(23.71) 2.11(7.90) 性别 17 881 < 0.001 22 889 < 0.001 男 13.64(31.19) 4.70(10.74) 52.45(28.59) 18.35(10.00) 3.14(21.07) 1.12(7.50) 69.23(28.60) 24.17(9.98) 女 0.75(17.46) 0.16(3.72) 11.26(20.73) 2.15(3.97) 0.34(12.36) 0.06(2.30) 12.34(20.12) 2.38(3.87) 年龄(岁) 493 479 < 0.001 89 753 < 0.001 15~ < 20 < 0.01(3.82) < 0.01(5.73) 0.05(3.93) 0.02(1.83) < 0.01(3.59) < 0.01(2.69) 0.06(3.92) 0.03(1.98) 20~ < 30 0.29(5.37) 0.17(3.12) 2.09(5.24) 1.04(2.61) 0.12(2.83) 0.09(2.15) 2.50(5.05) 1.30(2.63) 30~ < 40 2.16(14.04) 0.89(5.79) 12.65(15.41) 4.31(5.25) 0.66(11.62) 0.21(3.76) 15.47(15.00) 5.42(5.25) 40~ < 50 5.74(33.97) 2.00(11.87) 24.21(32.95) 8.17(11.12) 1.20(24.71) 0.44(9.05) 31.14(32.72) 10.61(11.15) 50~ < 60 5.93(59.86) 1.72(17.40) 22.84(58.94) 6.49(16.74) 1.45(51.52) 0.43(15.21) 30.22(58.71) 8.64(16.78) ≥60 0.27(81.91) 0.07(19.87) 1.87(81.26) 0.47(20.50) 0.05(74.12) 0.01(18.56) 2.19(81.14) 0.55(20.37) 工龄(年) 38 404 < 0.001 11 945 < 0.001 < 5 4.29(27.76) 1.43(9.22) 29.29(24.23) 9.37(7.75) 0.84(13.04) 0.27(4.15) 34.42(24.11) 11.06(7.75) 5~ < 10 2.55(24.45) 0.84(8.01) 13.82(25.89) 4.35(8.15) 0.58(15.15) 0.18(4.58) 16.95(25.06) 5.36(7.93) 10~ < 15 2.62(27.52) 0.93(9.73) 8.75(28.26) 2.87(9.27) 0.47(19.54) 0.15(6.26) 11.83(27.61) 3.94(9.20) 15~ < 20 1.43(32.23) 0.51(11.39) 4.02(31.49) 1.38(10.82) 0.25(22.63) 0.09(8.01) 5.71(31.13) 1.98(10.79) 20~ < 25 1.05(36.96) 0.32(11.43) 2.49(32.32) 0.83(10.85) 0.29(24.68) 0.11(9.32) 3.82(32.68) 1.27(10.84) 25~ < 30 1.07(38.99) 0.37(13.44) 2.23(37.16) 0.76(12.75) 0.38(28.76) 0.15(11.66) 3.68(36.56) 1.29(12.80) ≥30 1.38(53.21) 0.47(18.18) 3.11(51.20) 0.93(15.35) 0.68(47.32) 0.24(16.85) 5.17(51.16) 1.65(16.29) 企业规模 19 100 < 0.001 5 486 < 0.001 大 5.17(25.58) 1.91(9.47) 13.19(21.86) 4.03(6.68) 0.98(19.91) 0.44(9.03) 19.34(22.64) 6.38(7.47) 中 4.89(30.93) 1.51(9.57) 18.42(24.73) 5.90(7.92) 1.35(20.99) 0.39(5.99) 24.67(25.50) 7.80(8.06) 小微 4.34(36.07) 1.43(11.91) 32.10(31.18) 10.58(10.27) 1.15(18.24) 0.35(5.63) 37.56(30.98) 12.36(10.19) 合计 14.39(29.96) 4.86(10.11) 63.71(26.79) 20.51(8.62) 3.48(19.71) 1.18(6.71) 81.58(26.88) 26.55(8.75)
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