中华疾病控制杂志

Progress and suggestions on environmental health in China

SHI Xiao-ming

2017, 21(2): 107-109. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.001

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Environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in China. The health damage caused by environmental pollution have widely appeared and entered into a period with high incidence. Since 1980s, Chinese government carried out a large number of work on environmental health. This paper reviewed the progress of China's environmental health from 1980s to 2015, and gave suggestions on future work.

Survey on influencing factors related to exacerbation of COPD patients in Chinese urban communities

XIAO Tian, CHEN Xiao-ying, WANG Na, ZHAO Qi, FU Chao-wei, XU Biao

2017, 21(2): 110-113,122. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.002

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Objective To explore influencing factors related to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in Chinese urban communities. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou. Total 678 subjects with COPD were recruited continuously into this study. Subjects were face-to-face interviewed with a structured questionnaire and their medical records were also checked. All data were entered into Epi data twice, and analyzed by SAS 9.2. Results In recent one year, the frequency of exacerbation for COPD was (1.5±1.9), and more than one third (35.4%) did not suffer from any acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), while the same proportion (35.4%) had more than two exacerbations. AECOPD patients was older, had longer courses, and higher proportions of BMI abnormity, family history of COPD, former smokers, no regular physical activities, and advanced severity of COPD than patients without any acute exacerbation. Former smoker(OR=2.53, 95% CI:1.32-4.87), no regular physical activities(OR=1.96, 95% CI:1.21-3.17) and advanced severity (stage Ⅲ (OR=2.81, 95% CI:1.38-5.71) and stage IV(OR=3.29, 95% CI:1.20-9.01)) of COPD were possible risk factors of frequently AECOPD in last year. Conclusions Acute exacerbation of COPD was prevalent for COPD patients from urban communities in big Chinese cities. More attentions should be paid to COPD patients with former smoker, no regular physical exercise and advanced severity.

The prevalence and influencing factors of angina in the elderly of five provinces in China

REN Sheng-nan, MA Ying, ZHANG Dong-mei, GAO Jian, CHEN Ren, QIN Xia, WEI Li, HU Zhi, CHEN Ruo-ling

2017, 21(2): 114-117. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.003

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of angina in the elderly in China and provide the basis for prevention. Methods We randomly recruited a sample of 5 315 residents aged ≥60 years from Guangdong, Shanghai, Heilongjiang, Shanxi and Hubei provinces in China by multistage sampling. We examined each of participants and recorded Angina based on self-reported diagnosis of a physician. We also documented socio-demography and influencing factors. And the risk factors of angina were explored using univariate analysis and Logistic regression analysis.Results The prevalence of angina was 7.19%in the elderly of these five provinces. There were significant associations between angina and the following factors:being female, worker,teacher/servicemen/merchantmen,living in urban, with lower average household income(<10 000 Yuan/year),having serious economic hardship,smoker or ex-smoker,hypertension,hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and worrying about children (all P<0.05).Conclusions A high risk of angina was associated with female gender, worker or teacher/servicemen/merchantmen, living in urban, lower average household income, serious economic hardship, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and worrying about children. We should take interventions against angina in the high-risk population.

Trends in cerebrovascular disease mortality in Jiang'an District, Wuhan City between 2000 and 2014: an application of APC model

GAO Yan-duo, WU Kai, ZHU Ci-hua, TAN Xiao-dong, LIU Qing

2017, 21(2): 118-122. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.004

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Objective To analyze the trends of cerebrovascular disease mortality in Jiang'an district,Wuhan city during the period 2000-2014, and to provide evidence for developing preventive strategies. Methods The mortality data were obtained from Jiang'an center for disease control and prevention. Trend in age standardized mortality rate was estimated. Age-period-cohort (APC) model and intrinsic estimator (IE) were applied to assess the effects of age, period and birth cohort on the risk of cerebrovascular mortality. Results The mortality rates of cerebrovascular disease decreased significantly across the period 2000-2014. APC model indicated the mortality risk increased with age, and decreased with period and birth cohort both in men and women (all P<0.05). Conclusions The results suggested that the burden of cerebrovascular disease were increasing despite a decreasing trend in mortality rate. Therefore, disease prevention should focus on community-based primary prevention.

High physical activity is associated with an improved lipid profile among male coal miners

TAO Ran, HUANG Jian-jun, SUN Chen-ming, MA Jin-feng, FAN Ye, QIAO Nan, LIANG Jie, LIU Xiao-meng, CUI Yan, TIAN Shuang-shuang, WANG Cong, WANG Hui, XU Shu-hong, WANG Tong

2017, 21(2): 123-127. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.005

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Objective To investigate the association between dyslipidemia and physical activity among male coal miners of Shanxi Province in China. Methods 3 656 coal miners in Datong Coal Mine Group were collected by two-stage stratified cluster sampling method.The definition of dyslipidemia was based on the Chinese guidelines on treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia in adults. Self-reported physical activity was obtained with the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and categorized into three tertiles of low-, moderate- and high-activity levels. Results The percentages of individuals with vigorous, moderate, and low physical activity (PA) levels were 17.65%, 15.18% and 67.17% respectively. After adjustment of the potentially confounding effects of age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), tobacco use, alcohol use, vigorous PA was associated with elevated TG(OR=0.72,95% CI:0.58-0.90), decreased HDL-C(OR=0.68,95% CI:0.55-0.84), elevated LDL-C(OR=0.68,95% CI:0.55-0.85), one abnormality (OR=0.68,95% CI:0.55-0.84),two abnormality(OR=0.67,95% CI:0.54-0.84)and four abnormality(OR=0.44,95% CI:0.20-0.97)(all P<0.05). However, moderate PA did not affect the different types of dyslipidemia(all P>0.05). Conclusions Our study suggested that appropriate high intensity of physical activity is a protective factor for dyslipidemia of male mine workers.

Serum total bilirubin distribution and its relation to dyslipidemia in children and adolescents

ZHAO Hai-long, YANG Song, JING Guo-ying, WEN Jin-bo, CHEN Yan-chun, ZHAO Xiang-hai, YANG Ya-ming, SHEN Chong

2017, 21(2): 128-131. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.006

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Objective To investigate serum total bilirubin(TBIL) distribution and its relation to dyslipidemia among children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed among students from seven schools in Yixing City and 3 787 subjects who completed physical examination and blood biochemistry test after signing informed consent were included in the final analysis. Independent sample t test was performed to compare the differences of TBIL between male and female in different age groups. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare TBIL level among age group. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were applied to evaluate the risk of dyslipidemia according to TBIL level. Results The TBIL level increased with age continuously in 6-16 group both in male and female(all P_trend<0.05). The TBIL level of male were significantly lower than female in 7-, 8- and 10- age groups (all P<0.05). TBIL was positively correlated with high density lipoprotein and negatively correlated with triglyceride both in male and female (all P<0.001). TBIL was positively correlated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein in female (all P<0.001). Compared with the lowest quartile TBIL subjects(Q1), the subjects in Q2(OR=0.690,95% CI:0.568-0.739,P<0.001),Q3(OR=0.575,95% CI:0.471-0.701,P<0.001),Q4(OR=0.552,95% CI:0.451-0.676,P<0.001) group were in lower risk of dyslipidemia after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index. Conclusions The serum TBIL ascended with age in children and adolescents, TBIL level of male was higher than female in old age group. High TBIL level could reduce the risk of dyslipidemia.

Analysis on the results of colorectal cancer screening in community residents in Jinshan District of Shanghai, 2014-2015

CHEN Lei, ZHU Xiao-yun, LV Jia-ai, CHEN De-xi, XIA Shu-mei, WANG Hai-yan

2017, 21(2): 132-135,145. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.007

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Objective To explore the effect of colorectal cancer screening in community residents through the screening of colorectal cancer in community residents in Jinshan District, and to provide reference for the exploration of colorectal cancer screening strategy. Methods A colorectal cancer screening was conducted among Jinshan District residents. A two-step screening model combined with questionnaire survey and FOBT were used. Those who had screening positive all took colonoscopy, and the results were analyzed. Results A total of 58 215 people completed screening and screening completion rate reached 99.07%. Screening positive rate was 25.44%. Colonoscopy compliance rate was 41.87%. The detection rate of colorectal cancer was 0.45%. The detection rate of total lesion was 35.74%. There were significant differences in detection rates between men and women(χ²=224.337,P<0.001). With the increase of age, the detection rate was rising. The detection rate of all age groups were significant different(χ²=37.788,P<0.001). Conclusions Colorectal cancer screening can detect colorectal cancer, adenoma and other diseases. It has important significance for early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of colorectal cancer.

Association between polymorphisms in IKBKAP genes and lung cancer risk: a case-control study

ZHANG Xin, LIN Yong, HE Fei, YU Ting-ting, CAI Lin

2017, 21(2): 136-140. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.008

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Objective To investigate the association between polymorphisms and haplotypes of IKBKAP and the risk of developing lung cancer. Methods Case control study was conducted to recruit subjects, and MALDI-TOF was employed to determine the genotype of SNPs in IKBKAP gene. The unconditional Logistic regression was performed to analyze the association between selected lung cancer susceptibility and SNPs. The Haplo.stats package of R software was used to investigate the association between haplotypes and lung cancer risk. Results Comparing with the carriers of AA and AC genotype of rs2230793, the OR for those with CC genotype was 1.386(95% CI:1.007-1.907). After adjustment for demographic characteristics, the TT genotype of rs1538660 demonstrated a reduced lung cancer risk with an adjusted OR of 0.713 (95% CI:0.515-0.986) when comparing with CC genotype. Similarly, the TT genotype of rs1538660 was also associated with reduced lung cancer risk when comparing with the carriers with CC and CT genotype with an adjusted OR of 0.724 (95% CI:0.530-0.988). The carriers of TA haplotype consisted by rs1538660 and rs3204145 demonstrated a reduced lung cancer risk with an OR of 0.862 (95% CI:0.753-0.987). Conclusions The polymorphisms in IKBKAP gene may be associated with lung cancer risk.

Relationship between HLA-DQ polymorphisms and outcome of HCV infection

TANG Shai-di, SUN Jie-yun, GUO Hui, ZHANG Yun

2017, 21(2): 141-145. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.009

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Objective To explore the association of human leukocyte antigen-DQ (HLA-DQ)polymorphisms with outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV)infection. Methods Two variants of rs2856718 and rs7453920 were genotyped among 262 HCV spontaneous clearance cases, 339 persistent HCV infection cases and 942 uninfected controls by using TaqMan technology. Results Logistic regression analyses showed that the genotype AG of rs2856718 significantly decreased the risk of HCV infection (adjusted OR=0.73, 95% CI:0.56-0.94). Moreover, the genotype AA of rs7453920 was correlated with elevated risk HCV infection (adjusted OR=1.75, 95% CI:1.01-3.03). Haplotype analysis also showed that haplotype AA significantly increased the risk of HCV infection (adjusted OR=1.67, 95% CI:1.11-2.52). Stratified Analysis suggested that the frequency of rs2856718 AG genotyoe in HCV infected group was much lower than that of uninfected control group among male patients (adjusted OR=0.68, 95% CI:0.51-0.93); the frequency of rs7453920 GG genotyoe in HCV infected group was much higher than that of uninfected control group among people who was 45 to 60 years old (adjusted OR=2.35, 95% CI:1.11-4.98). Conclusions HLA-DQ polymorphisms might play a vital role in the outcome of HCV infection.

A study on epidemiological features of hepatitis C in Hunan Province, and short-term forecast on its incidence tendency, 2010-2015

LIU Yuan, LIU Fu-qiang, CHEN Li-zhang, SHI Wen-pei

2017, 21(2): 146-150. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.010

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Objective To study the epidemiological features of hepatitis C in Hunan and the short-term forecast of its incidence tendency. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were adopted to analyze data from report information management system of communicable diseases of China from 2010 to 2015 for hepatitis C infection status in Hunan province. Exponential smoothing method was adopted to create model to forecast the short-term incidence tendency of hepatitis C in Hunan from 2016 to 2017. Results From 2010 to 2015, 60 328 cases of hepatitis C were reported in Hunan Province, including 32 597 males cases and 27 731 female cases, and the gender ratio was 1.18:1. The annual average incidence rate was 18.337/100 000 with an annually-ascending tendency. The average growth rates of newly-emerging cases and incidence rates were 22.39% and 20.86% respectively. There was an obvious seasonality characterized in peaking in spring and summer with a peak in March. The most four densely-distributed regions were Huaihua (10 138, 16.8%), Shaogyang(7 335, 12.16%), Hengyang (7 016, 11.63%) and Changsha (6 530, 10.82%).The case numbers started to rise sharply from those aged 20 and above and reached a peak among people aged 40-50, presenting a conspicuous age specific feature. Among populations with different occupations, peasants occupied the largest percentage (50.00%). The incidence of hepatitis C in Hunan from 2016 to 2017 would decrease compared with that in 2015, and the average monthly incidence rates of 2016 and 2017 was predicted to be 14.769/100 000, 13.687/100 000 respectively. Conclusions There has been an ascending tendency of hepatitis C in Hunan between 2010 and 2015; Winters Additive Method is suitable for the short-term forecast of hepatitis C in Hunan. Reality situation and accurate forecast of incidence should be well-combined for the promotion of the preventive works of hepatitis C in Hunan.

Epidemiology and etiology of hand-foot-mouth disease in Hebei Province, 2011-2015

LIU Ying-ying, YU Qiu-li, SU Tong, ZHAO Wen-na, XIE Yun, QI Shun-xiang, LI Qi

2017, 21(2): 151-155. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.011

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and pathogen patterns of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Hebei Province during 2011-2015 and provide scientific evidence for the development of HFMD prevention and control measures. Methods The cases reported from the National Disease Surveillance Information Management System and laboratory testing results in Hebei Province from 2011-2015 were analyzed with the descriptive epidemiology. Results A total of 349 113 HFMD cases were reported from 2011 to 2015, with anannual incidence of 95.91/100 000. The incidence rate in 2012 and 2014 was significantly higher than in other years, presenting an epidemic phenomena of peaking every other year.There was an obvious temporal distribution of the cases, the main peak occurred in 5-7 months and the second peak or "tail" peak was in 10-12 months. The major cases afflicted with HFMD were children less than five years old, and especially those aged 1-3 years old.The epidemic in different regions was different, so the method of cluster analysis and assigned evaluation were conducted according to the incidence and severe rates, which were used as the classification index. The results showed that Langfang, Cangzhou, Hengshui, Shijiazhuang, Baoding and Chengde were the focus for prevention and control. The pathogen composition was slightly different during the five years. In 2013 and 2015, having superseding coxsachievirus A16(CoxA16) and enterovirus 71(EV71), other enteroviruses became the predominantly prevailing pathogens,accounting for 44.89% and 66.23%, respectively. Conclusions It showed a certain characteristics in seasonal, populational and regional distribution of HFMD in Hebei Province. We should pay more attention to the changes of pathogens and the key areas of prevention and control of HFMD should be enhanced.

A clustering study on HFMD in Shenzhen based on street scale

YANG Lian-peng, LI Li-ping, WU Yong-sheng, LIU Xiao-jian, HUANG Zhi-feng

2017, 21(2): 156-159. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.012

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Objective To explore the spatiotemporal clusters of hand, foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen and provide the basis for future development of targeted prevention strategies and measures. Methods The incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) among different streets in Shenzhen were calculated. Retrospective space-time permutation scan statistics analysis were applied to analyze HFMD reporting data of Shenzhen from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. Results In 2014, 49 385 cases of HFMD cases were collected in Shenzhen. Among different streets in Shenzhen, the highest incidence of HFMD was 1 873.00/100 000 and the lowest incidence of HFMD was 13.44/100 000. A total of 21 significant mumps clusters were detected, including 29 streets. All clusters mainly occurred on April to Jun, which were also the HFMD epidemic peaks in Shenzhen. Conclusions Space-time Permutation scan statistics could be used to clearly and fully evaluate spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of infectious disease, and provide more valuable information for the disease control and prevention.

Analysis on the incidence of adverse reaction and risk factors caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs

JIANG Bo-feng, MA Chen-chen, CHEN Yang-gui, BA Yan, LIU Meng-di, ALIYE Ai-li, JIAYINA La-zibieke, XIANG Yang

2017, 21(2): 160-163. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.013

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Objective To understand the incidence of adverse reactions caused by the anti-tuberculosis(anti-TB) fixed-dose combination(FDC), and to explore the relevent influencing factors, and to provide the policy basis for the use of FDC. Methods We monitored the incidence of adverse reactions in treatment of 420 newly diagnosed TB patients from a district of Urumqi Tuberculosis Prevention designated hospital, and explored the relevant factors by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The overall incidence of adverse reactions was 62.6%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes was associated with ADRs. Compared with patients without diabetes, patients with diabetes mellitus had higher risk of ADRs, the OR(95% CI) was 2.509 (1.226-5.135). Conclusions Diabetic patients with FDCs had high risk of ADRs. For these petients, we should detect the relevant indicators closely or use other treatments.

Analysis on the influential factors of drug resistance and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Wuhan City

WANG Jian-jie, ZHOU Mei-lan, DU Yi-xiang, CHEN Cong, CHEN Zi, CHEN Jun, ZHENG Chun-lan, WANG Wei-hua

2017, 21(2): 164-167. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.014

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Objective To investigate the influential factors of drug resistance or multidrug resistance of tuberculosis patients in Wuhan,and to provide scientific basis for municipal control strategy for drug resistance. Methods From December 2006 to June 2014,a total of 5 524 smear positive tuberculosis(TB) patients were screened for The Globel Fund to Tuberculosis project in Wuhan. Sputum samples were then smear cultured,identified and tested for drug susceptibility test (DST). DST results were statistically analyzed as patterns of drug resistance. The drug resistant rates of tuberculosis patients with different categories were described;χ² test and an unconditioned logistic regression were employed to carry out univariate as well as multivariate analysis on influential factors of drug resistant TB. Results The total drug resistance rate among these patients was 33.4% (1 627/4 870).There were decrease in total drug resistance and acquired drug resistance (all P<0.05). No upward trend was visible in terms of drug resistant rate of initial TB patients(χ_trend²=0.79,P=0.372). There were decrease in total multidrug-resistance,initial multidrug-resistance,and acquired multidrug-resistance (all P<0.05) in recent four years. The multivariate Logistic analysis results showed that the history of previous treatment for TB were more likely to have drug resistance(OR=2.212,95% CI:1.949-2.491,P<0.001) and multidrug-resistance(OR=3.433,95% CI:2.844-4.193,P<0.001) than primary treatment. Conclusions The epidemic of drug resistant and multidrug resistant Tuberculosis is falling. However to maintain the current downward trend, a strengthened effort must be put into the treatment and management of patients with a history of TB treatment.

A case-control study of risk factors associated with scrub typhus in Guangzhou

WEI Yue-hong, LI Xiao-ning, WU Xin-wei, TAO Xia, CHEN Shou-yi, YANG Zhi-cong

2017, 21(2): 171-174. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.016

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Objective To explore the risk factors of scrub typhus in Guangzhou City, and to provide the basis for making preventive and controlling measures of scrub typhus. Methods Case-control study was used with the ratio of 1 to 1. A total of 202 patients were selected as cases and 202 healthy residents matched for age and gender were recruited as controls. Face-to-face interview was conducted with unified design survey questionnaire and the exposure history of suspicious risk factors was collected. Data was analyzed by single factor described statistics and multivariable Logistic regression in SPSS 20.0. Results The results of single factor described statistics showed that there were significant differences in the history of outdoor activity or travel, the high frequency of outdoor activity, house tying and living in the house near grassland, vegetable field or ditch between case group and control group(all P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the history of outdoor activity or travel, the high frequency of outdoor activity and living in the house near grassland, vegetable field or ditch were risk factors (all P<0.05),with the odd ratio and 95% confidence interval of 10.124(95% CI:2.220-46.163), 2.348 (95% CI:1.431-3.853) and 1.801 (95% CI:1.180-2.748) respectively. Conclusions The history of outdoor activity or travel, the high frequency of outdoor activity and living in the house near grassland, vegetable field or ditch are risk factors of scrub typhus in Guangzhou City.

Analysis on risk factors affecting the mortality of patients with coronary artery disease after undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

WANG Hui-li, DING Rong-jing, HUANG Ya-fang, ZHAO Ya-li, LU Xiao-qin, HU Da-yi

2017, 21(2): 175-178. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.017

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Objective To discuss the risk factors of mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods A retrospective study was conducted among patients with coronary heart disease undergoing PCI with drug-eluting stents at four hospitals in China (Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital; Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province; Luoyang Central Hospital, Henan Province) from January 1st, 2006 to June 30th, 2011. Multivariable cox proportional hazards models were used for analysis of mortality after PCI. Results 3 511 (85.4%) patients finished follow-up and the mortality after PCI was 4.6% (161/3 511). Age (HR=1.086, 95% CI:1.059-1.113, P<0.001), diabetes (HR=1.807, 95% CI:1.205-2.709, P=0.004), smoking (HR=1.873, 95% CI:1.205-2.709, P=0.002), anemia (HR=1.909, 95% CI:1.266-2.879,P=0.002), left ventricular ejection fraction <50% (HR=2.546, 95% CI:1.558-4.162, P<0.001) and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) time less than one year (HR=0.029, 95% CI:0.013-0.067, P<0.001) were associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients undergoing PCI. Conclusions Age, diabetes, smoking, anemia, heart dysfunction and DAPT time less than one year were risk factors of mortality after PCI and it should be taken into account seriously and intervened properly.

Analysis on associated risk factors of post-stroke epilepsy

XU Fei, JIN Ping, WANG Yu

2017, 21(2): 179-182. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.018

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Objective To study the clinical characteristics of post-stroke epilepsy and analyze the related risk factors of epilepsy onset after stroke. Methods A retrospective study was conducted among 1 008 stroke patients in our hospital and the related risk factors for epilepsy onset secondary to stroke were analyzed. Results The incidence of epilepsy after stroke was 5.36%, among which 63.11% was early-onset epilepsy, and simple partial seizure was the predominant seizure type. But only 38.89% was late-onset epilepsy and the seizure type was mainly generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Univariate analysis showed that gender (χ²=4.12, P=0.042), diabetes (χ²=4.89, P=0.027), pulmonary infection (χ²=8.95, P=0.003), lesion location (χ²=45.14,P<0.001) and scope of lesions (χ²=23.32, P<0.001) were associated with seizures after stroke; Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that gender (OR=1.946, 95% CI:1.039-3.644), pulmonary infection (OR=3.618,95% CI:1.536-8.520), lesion location (OR=6.435, 95% CI:3.353-12.349) and scope of lesions (OR=2.513,95% CI:1.374-4.599) were more prone to seizures after stroke (all P<0.05). Conclusions Males, pulmonary infection, lesion location in cortex and the bigger scope of lesions may be the risk factors of secondary epilepsy after stroke.

Epidemiological investigation of preschool children with developmental coordination disorder in Yangzhou City

SU Ting-juan, SUN Yu-ye, ZHANG Jing-li, LIU Zhang-su, DENG Wen-jun, ZUO Xiao-yu, CHEN Qiu, YU Wei-ping

2017, 21(2): 183-186. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.019

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Objective To analyze the developing level of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in preschool children in Yangzhou, so as to provide a theoretical basis for early prevention, diagnosis and intervention of DCD. Methods 1 454 children aged from 3 to 7 years in three kindergartens of Yangzhou were recruited to the movement assessment battery for children test (M-ABC) by random. Developmental screen test(DST)and the Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI) were used to exclude the mentally retarded (MR) children. DCD was diagnosed using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV). Results The survey found that 5.2% children suffered from DCD, 12.0% children were suspicious with it. The incidences of DCD in boys and suspected case (7.3% and 14.0%) were higher than those in girls (2.7% and 9.7%), which were different in manual dexterity and dynamic equilibrium (all P<0.001). The incidences of children with DCD and suspected case varied in different aged children (χ²=18.502,P=0.005), from 4-group, 6-7 group, 5-group and 3-group by descending. M-ABC scores were different in manual dexterity and target grip (all P<0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of DCD in preschool children in Yangzhou was not optimistic, the capacities of manual dexterity and target grip were developed retardation relatively. The training should be strengthened to improve the movement coordination of children, depending on the features of coordination in different genders and ages.

To explore the influencing factors of treatment compliance of asthma patients based on structural equation modeling

LI Xin-xin, DONG Li-min, LIU Xiao-ying, ZHANG Yan-bo

2017, 21(2): 187-191. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.020

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Objective To explore the using of structural equation modeling for evaluating the treatment compliance of asthma patients and determining treatment compliance factors, so as to provide references improving treatment compliance. Methods 366 asthma patients were investigated with the Asthma-PRO instrument.Structural equation modeling was applied to establish the model about the above factors on the treatment compliance. Results The structural equation modeling found as the following. In physical domain, the improved physical function could increase treatment compliance, meanwhile satisfaction was a regulator between physical function and treatment compliance. In psychological domain,the reduction of negative psychology such as terror and depression could enhance the treatment compliance. In social domain, more social activities and supports lead to a better treatment compliance. Conclusions Physical function, psychological states, social activity, social support and satisfaction are closely related to treatment compliance. In order to increase treatment compliance, it is critical to improve physical function, afford mental intervention, create opportunity for exchange,increase the human care.

Introduction of agent-based model and an example in medical application

CHENG Xun-jie, CHEN Tian-mu, CHENG Pei-xia, HU Guo-qing

2017, 21(2): 192-195,214. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.021

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Objective To elaborate the basic theory of agent-based model (ABM), and to promote the application in medical research. Methods We briefly introduced basic concept, implementation step, and software operation of ABM in this review. At the same time, an example related to seasonal influenza epidemic control was used to demonstrate the application of agent-based model in medicine. Results The discontinuous weekend-extension strategies can reduce the overall disease attack rate of seasonal flu. Particularly, continuous extension adequately reduce the epidemic and control the spread of disease. Conclusions ABM provides a new option to solve complex medical problems, and can be used as a complement to the traditional modeling methods.

The progress of foodborne disease prevention and control in the world

LU Jiao, WANG Xiao-li, WU Lin-hai

2017, 21(2): 196-199. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.022

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Foodborne disease is one of the most highlighted public health issue in the world with the rapid development of food supply chain system. The spreading of foodborne disease across the world not only affects human health, but also causes serious disease burden, hinders the development of society, which has become an important social problem. With the transition of preventive medicine and diet culture, there is a rapid innovation in foodborne disease prevention and control study. The studies not only include the descriptive study of foodborne disease situation, but also the analytical study on risk factors and the intervention study of foodborne disease prevention and control. This paper aimed to review the studies in foodborne disease prevention and control of the world.

An overview of immunoregulatory roles of PD-1/PD-L1 in HCV treatment

XIAO Wen, PEI Jia-ping, JI Xiao-wei, SHI Li-ping, DENG Xiao-zhao, JIANG Long-feng, ZHANG Jin-hai, WANG Chang-jun

2017, 21(2): 200-205. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.023

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Abstract:
As with high incidence of chronicity, hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has become global problems of public hygiene. How to enhance the immunoregulatory ability of immunocytes turned out to be one of the key factors influencing the results of anti-HCV therapy. This review will summarize the survey of HCV infection and therapy, the association of PD-1 with anti-HCV immune response, and the roles of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking in anti-HCV. In chronic HCV patients, PD-1 level on dysfunctional HCV-specific CD8⁺ T cells was increased, and the virus-induced T cell dysfunction could be partly restored by PD-1/PD-L1 blocking. In HCV infection, the increased PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signal participates in the CTLs inhibition and CD8⁺T cell differentiation. It's also reported in clinically that anti-HCV immune response could be enhanced by PD-1/PD-L1 blocking. Therefore, it's of great importance to explore the mechanisms of HCV-induced PD-1 increasing and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signal induced T cell dysfunction, which will contribute to the prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for HCV infection, and lastly better HCV therapy.

Epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness outbreak in Zibo City from 2009 to 2015

WANG Ling, ZHANG Yan, CAO Hai-xia, WANG Tao, ZHANG Ling, LIU Ti, WANG Xian-jun

2017, 21(2): 206-208. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.024

Abstract(216)

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Abstract:

A foodborne norovirus-born outbreak field investigation in one factory of Zhongshan City

WANG Man, MAO Yun-xia, CHEN Xia-wei, LI Lei, WANG Tao

2017, 21(2): 209-211. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.025

Abstract(241)

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Abstract:

2017, 21(2): 212-214. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.02.026

Abstract(185)

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Editor

Editor-in-Chief Ye Dongqing M.D.

Assistant editor Fan Yinguang M.D.

Assistant editor Pan Haifeng M.D.

Assistant editor