Abstract: Objective To analyze the antiretroviral therapy(ART) effect and influencing factors among adult human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in Yining. Methods Monitoring data of adult patients receiving ART were collected from the national antiretroviral therapy reporting system. Retrospective study was conducted and Logistic regression method was applied to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 3 740 cases were enrolled in this study. Heterosexual infection and drug infection accounted for 46.3% and 32.0%, respectively, the median of baseline CD4⁺T lymphocyte count was 278(170,395) cells/μl. The virological inhibition rate were 70.4%(1 568/2 228), 64.4%(1 695/2 631), 66.3%(1 590/2 400), 70.1%(1345/1919) and 73.6%(550/747) at 6,12,24,36,60 months after ART, respectively, rate at 12 months was the lowest (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that in different duration of treatment(12,36 and 60 months after ART), dose missing was the risk factor of virological failure, adjusted odds ratio(AOR) (95% CI) were 3.581(2.943-4.357), 2.496(1.957-3.182) and 3.137(1.969-4.998), respectively. Injecting drug use (AOR=1.544, 95% CI:1.164-2.048) and baseline CD4⁺T lymphocyte count (cells/μl)<200(AOR=1.371, 95% CI:1.086-1.731) were the risk factors of virological failure at 12 months after ART. Conclusions The rate of virological failure among patients received ART in Yining was high. Dose missing was the main risk factor. The adherence education and dose guidance should be strengthened among patients injecting drug or with lower baseline CD4⁺T lymphocyte count, and the treat ability in the township treatment institution should be improved to get a better virologic suppression effect.