Abstract: Objective To analyze the influencing factors of the mortality of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (TB/HIV) co-infection patients during the anti-tuberculosis treatment period. Methods The mortality of TB/HIV co-infection patients was compared with that of ordinary TB patients by 1:1 cohort study method during the anti-tuberculosis treatment period. Then, the influencing factors of the mortality for the TB/HIV patients. Results The mortality rate of the TB/HIV co-infection patients and ordinary TB patients were 6.60% and 0.43%, respectively. Cox regression analysis was carried out and showed that the degree of patients, clinic delay time and level of CD4⁺cell counts were main risk factors for the TB/HIV co-infection patients (all P<0.05). The mortality rate of the critically patients were 2.049 times more than that of other patients, the death risk of patients with visit delay for 14 days or more was 1.521 times compared with patients who delayed less than 14 days. The death risk of patients with CD4⁺ cell counts <50 p/μl was 2.943 times compared with the patients with CD4⁺ cell counts of 50 p/ul or more. In addition, the beginning time of antiviral therapy and whether to accept antiviral therapy were also influential factors. Conclusions Through early detection, providing standardized treatment in time and giving antiviral therapy to eligible persons as soon as possible, the survival rate could be improved, risk of death could be reduced, and the life of TB/HIV co-infection patients could be saved.