Abstract: Objective To explore the using of structural equation modeling for evaluating the treatment compliance of asthma patients and determining treatment compliance factors, so as to provide references improving treatment compliance. Methods 366 asthma patients were investigated with the Asthma-PRO instrument.Structural equation modeling was applied to establish the model about the above factors on the treatment compliance. Results The structural equation modeling found as the following. In physical domain, the improved physical function could increase treatment compliance, meanwhile satisfaction was a regulator between physical function and treatment compliance. In psychological domain,the reduction of negative psychology such as terror and depression could enhance the treatment compliance. In social domain, more social activities and supports lead to a better treatment compliance. Conclusions Physical function, psychological states, social activity, social support and satisfaction are closely related to treatment compliance. In order to increase treatment compliance, it is critical to improve physical function, afford mental intervention, create opportunity for exchange,increase the human care.