Abstract: Objective To investigate the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases among farmers, landless peasants and urban population in a certain area of Anhui Province, to explore the relationship between the lifestyles of landless peasants and their chronic non-communicable diseases. Methods A total of 761 valid questionnaires were collected by cross-sectional epidemiological study, including 119 farmers, 259 landless peasants and 383 urban groups. The enumeration data was analyzed by χ² test and the measurement data analyzed by variance. The risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in each group was analyzed by Logistic regressions. Results General demographic characteristics showed that there were differences in three groups of people in the respects of drinking, eating habits and physical activity and other lifestyles (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the onset risk of hypertension and overweight obesity in the famer group and the landless peasant group was lower than that in the urban group, but higher than that in the peasant group. After adjusting for confounding factors, the prevalence of hypertension in the farmer group (OR=0.20, 95% CI:0.12-0.33) and the lost land group (OR=0.65, 95% CI:0.44-0.95) was lower than that in the urban group, the overweight obesity in the farmer group (OR=0.44, 95% CI:0.27-0.74) and the lost land group(OR=0.67, 95% CI:0.47-0.96)was lower than that in the urban group. The incidence of atherosclerosis in the farmer group(OR=2.48, 95% CI:1.45-4.23) and the lost land group(OR=2.00, 95% CI:1.33-3.02) was higher than that in the urban group. Conclusions The living style of landless peasants is different from those of rural group and urban group, and the incidence of hypertension and overweight obesity is higher than that of farmers. We should take interventions against chronic non-communicable diseases in landless peasants.