Abstract: Objective To investigate the relationship between blood glucose and personal characteristics of residents in 8 counties of Xinjiang. Methods A total of 4 779 residents, who were 18 years old and above, were sampled by stratified cluster random sampling method in 8 counties of Xinjiang, 2013-2014. Personal characteristics, blood glucose, hypertension and dyslipidemia were collected by face to face investigation, physical measurements and laboratory testing. Results The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and normal blood glucose was 16.62%, 14.16%, 4.97% and 64.25%, respectively in 8 counties of Xinjiang. There was a significant difference of diabetes mellitus between Han and Uygur groups (χ²=116.893,P<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus of Han (21.14%) was higher than that of Uygur (8.81%). Age, over weight/obesity, central obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia were related to diabetes mellitus in Han ethnic group. Age, region, over weigh/obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia were related to diabetes mellitus in Uygur ethnic group by Logistic analysis. Conclusions The prevalence of diabetes was high in Xinjiang. The management of diabetes mellitus in basic public health services should be further strengthened.