Investigation and risk assessment for water quality hygiene in self-supply well water in four northern provinces of China
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摘要:
目的 了解我国北方地区黑龙江、北京、内蒙古和西藏4省份自备井水质状况，为加强自备井水的卫生监督和管理提供依据。 方法 对我国北方地区4省份233个自备井，按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB/T 5750-2006）进行采样，检测感官性状、化学、细菌学和毒理学共27项水质指标，并进行卫生学评价。 结果 我国北方地区4省份自备井水总不合格率为52.36%。4省份的水质差异性大。黑龙江自备井的超标指标主要是浑浊度、肉眼可见物、锰、砷和硝酸盐；北京自备井的超标指标主要是硝酸盐和微生物；内蒙古自备井的超标指标主要是硫酸盐和氟化物；西藏自备井的超标指标则是锌和氯化物。 结论 根据地域区别和水质特征，加强自备井水源管理、消毒和水质净化，保证居民饮用水安全。 Abstract:Objective To understand the water quality of self-supply wells in four provinces of northern China (Heilongjiang, Beijing, Inner Mongolia and Tibet), so as to provide a reference for supervision and management of self-supply wells. Methods Water were sampled from 233 self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China according to standard examination methods for drinking water (GB/T 5750-2006). In total, The samples were tested for 27 kinds of water quality parameters involving sensory properties, chemistry, bacteriology and toxicology, and then evaluated. Results The total unqualified rate of water quality in self-supply well water in four northern provinces of China was 52.36%. The water quality varied greatly among provinces. As for Heilongjiang, the main unqualified indicators of self-supply wells water involved turbidity, visible to the naked eye, manganese, arsenic and nitrate. In relation to Beijing, these referred to the nitrate and microorganism. In case of Inner Mongolia province, these included sulfate and fluoride. With reference to Tibet, these were zinc and chloride. Conclusions To ensure the safety of drinking water for residents, the management, disinfection and purifying measures of self-supply wells should be strengthened basing on their regional differences and water quality characteristics. -
Key words:
- Self-supply wells water /
- Northern region /
- Drinking water /
- Water quality detection /
- Health risk
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图 1 我国北方地区4省份自备井水质不合格情况
Figure 1. Unqualified rate of water in self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China
表 1 我国北方地区4省份自备井水质在感官性指标检测情况
Table 1. Sensory properties of water in self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China
检测指标 标准限值 黑龙江(n=85) 北京(n=47) 内蒙古(n=59) 西藏(n=42) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 色度(度) ≤15 5~30 12.94 5~10 0.00 5~25 3.39 5~15 2.38 浑浊度(NTU) ≤1 0.12~8.90 31.76 0.16~9.21 4.26 0.09~47.60 6.78 0.25~18.20 9.52 臭和味 无a - 0.00 - 0.00 - 1.69 - 0 肉眼可见物 无b - 27.06 - 2.13 - 11.86 - 4.76 注：“臭和味”和“肉眼可见物”为定性描述，“-”表示无检测值；a代表无异臭异味；b代表不得含有肉眼可见物。 
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表 2 我国北方地区4省份自备井水质在一般化学指标检测情况
Table 2. Conventional chemistry indicators of water in self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China
检测指标 标准限值 黑龙江(n=85) 北京(n=47) 内蒙古(n=59) 西藏(n=42) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) pH值 6.5~8.5 6.23~8.99 5.88 6.28~8.28 0.00 6.18~8.26 0.00 7.29~8.48 0.00 铁(mg/L) 0.3 0.015~0.440 2.35 0.016~0.038 0.00 0.012~0.532 5.08 0.022~0.180 0.00 锰(mg/L) 0.1 0.003~1.815 7.06 0.003~0.010 0.00 0.005~4.938 8.47 0.004~0.07 0.00 锌(mg/L) 1.0 0.006~2.270 2.35 0.004~0.463 0.00 0.014~3.417 1.69 0.004~10.20 9.52 总硬度(mg/L) 450 14~450 0.00 0.5~431 0.00 21~637 5.08 68~428 0.00 溶解性总固体(mg/L) 1 000 19~1 000 0.00 6~517 0.00 12~1 008 1.69 85~664 0.00 硫酸盐(mg/L) 250 1.40~70.60 0.00 0.32~155.00 0.00 0.40~619.30 10.17 15.10~288.50 4.76 氯化物(mg/L) 250 0.80~64.40 0.00 0.01~4.13 0.00 0.10~382.30 1.69 2.20~300.40 9.52 注：铝、铜、挥发酚和阴离子洗涤剂在北方地区4省份检测均合格。
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表 3 我国北方地区4省份自备井水质在毒理学检测情况
Table 3. Toxicological indicators of water in self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China
检测指标 标准限值 黑龙江(n=85) 北京(n=47) 内蒙古(n=59) 西藏(n=42) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 砷(mg/L) 0.01 9.36×10-4~ 1.40×10-2 3.53 6.72×10-5~ 2.80×10-3 0.00 9.30×10-4~ 1.10×10-3 0.00 6.72×10-5~ 2.14×10-3 0.00 硒(mg/L) 0.01 3.77×10-4~ 1.00×10-2 0.00 3.77×10-4~ 3.80×10-4 0.00 3.80×10-4~ 1.00×10-2 1.69 3.77×10-4~ 6.66×10-4 0.00 硝酸盐(mg/L) 10.00 0.01~26.00 3.53 0.01~15.50 10.64 0.13~114.96 6.78 0.20~5.80 0.00 氟化物(mg/L) 1.00 0.000~1.110 2.35 0.010~4.130 2.13 0.018~4.120 25.42 0.008~0.462 0.00 注：铅、镉、汞、铬(6价)和氰化物在4省份检测均合格。
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表 4 我国北方地区4省份自备井水质在微生物学检测情况
Table 4. Microbiological indicators of water in self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China
检测指标 标准限值 黑龙江(n=85) 北京(n=47) 内蒙古(n=59) 西藏(n=42) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 检测值 不合格率(%) 总大肠菌群(CFU/100mL) 不得检出a 0~440 22.35 0~1 200 53.19 0~6 300 18.64 0~1 300 11.90 菌落总数(CFU/mL) 100 0~2 000 23.53 0~840 14.89 0~1 621 10.17 0~370 7.14 注：a代表指标总大肠菌群100 mL水中不得检出。
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