Ecological analysis of mites on the body surface of Rattus brunneusculus in Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015
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摘要:
目的 探讨东亚屋顶鼠体表螨类感染状况、分布规律以及革螨和恙螨两大类群之间的相互关系。 方法 采用描述流行病学方法对云南省2001-2015年19个县(市)积累调查资料进行描述分析。 结果 从19个县(市)所捕获的308只东亚屋顶鼠体表采集到螨类5 252只，鉴定为6科3亚科29属151种，恙螨个体数(3 836只)和种类数(117种)明显多于革螨个体数(1 416只)和种类数(34种)。总感染率PM=85.06%，总平均多度MA=17.05螨/鼠，总感染度MI=20.05螨/鼠。纳氏厉螨(Cr=11.21%)、小板纤恙螨(Cr=11.88%)和攸氏无前恙螨(Cr=10.72%)为优势螨种，其分布型指标(CA、I、K)大于聚集分布型判定界值，呈聚集分布。雌鼠总感染率(PM=45.45%)高于雄鼠(PM=39.61%; χ2=7.506, P=0.008)。成年鼠总感染率(PM=72.40%)和总平均多度(MA=19.08螨/鼠)均高于未成年鼠(PM=12.66%; MA=8.33螨/鼠; P < 0.001)。山区景观螨类总感染率(PM=74.35%)和总平均多度(MA=15.38螨/鼠)高于坝区(PM=10.71%; MA=1.68螨/鼠; P < 0.001)。革螨与恙螨两大螨类之间呈现一定的负协调关系(V=0.44, P < 0.001)。根据Chao1公式，估测出螨类总物种数177种，与实际所鉴定出的151种相差26种。 结论 东亚屋顶鼠体表螨类种类丰富，感染普遍，3种优势螨种均呈聚集分布型。革螨和恙螨之间呈负协调关系。山区雌性成年鼠感染较高。 Abstract:Objective The present study is to illustrate the infestation and ecological distribution of two groups of mites on the body surface of Southeast Asian house rat (Rattus brunneusculus, R. brunneusculus), together with the relationship between gamasid mites and chigger mites. Methods The original data came from the accumulated field investigations in 30 counties of Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015. Some ecological methods were used in the statistical analyses. Results A total of 5 252 mites were collected from 308 R. brunneusculus individuals captured in 19 counties (cities), which were identified as comprising 151 species, 29 genera and 3 subfamilies under 6 families. The identified 117 species and 3 836 individuals of chigger mites were much more than 34 species and 1 416 individuals of gamasid mites. The infestation of R. brunneusculus with mites was common with 85.06% of overall prevalence (PM), 17.05 mites/rat of overall mean abundance (MA) and 20.05 mites/rat of overall mean intensity (MI). Laelap nuttalli (Cr=11.21%), Leptotrombidium scutellare (Cr=11.88%) and Walchia ewingi (Cr=10.72%) were the dominant species of all the collected mites. Three dominant mite species were of aggregated distribution with CA, I and K beyond the border values. The prevalence of female rats with mites (PM=45.45%) was higher than that of male rats (PM=39.61%, χ2=7.506, P=0.008). The adult rats showed a higher prevalence (PM=72.40%) and mean abundance (MA=19.08) than the juvenile rats (PM=12.66%; MA=8.33; P < 0.001). The rats in the mountainous landscape showed a higher prevalence (PM=74.35%) and mean abundance (MA = 15.38) than the rats in the flatland landscape (PM=10.71%; MA=1.68; P < 0.001). A negative association existed between gamasid mites and chigger mites with a negative association coefficient (V=0.44, P < 0.001). Based on Chao1's formula, the total number of mite species on R. brunneusculus was estimated to be 177 species which was 26 species more than the 151 species actually collected in the field investigation. Conclusions The infestation of R. brunneusculus rats with mites is common with abundant mite species. Three dominant mite species are of aggregated distribution on their rat hosts. A negative association exists between gamasid mites and chigger mites. The infestation of adult female rats with mites is relatively high in mountainous areas. -
Key words:
- Acari /
- Mites /
- Gamasid mite /
- Chigger mite /
- Rattus brunneusculus /
- Ecology /
- Yunnan Province /
- Descriptive epidemiology
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表 1 2001-2015年云南省东亚屋顶鼠体表螨类鉴定结果
Table 1. Identification of mites on the body surface of Rattus brunneusculus in Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015
科、亚科分类 属、种分类及数量a 革螨 厉螨科 厉螨属：纳氏厉螨(589); 毒厉螨(273); 福建厉螨(57); 土尔克厉螨(174); 特氏厉螨(8); 贵州厉螨(6); 金氏厉螨(5) 地厉螨属：短尾鼩地厉螨(1)血厉螨属：茅舍血厉螨(3); 半漠血厉螨(1) 阳厉螨属：单阳厉螨(22) 毛厉螨属：鼠颚毛厉螨(2) 广厉螨属：网纹广厉螨(1) 真厉螨属：拟厩真厉螨(4); 厩真厉螨(1) 血革螨属：山区血革螨(21); 橄形血革螨(10); 贡山血革螨(4); 四毛血革螨(2); 六毛血革螨(2) 下盾螨属：巴氏下盾螨(21); 胸前下盾螨(5); 秀越下盾螨(1); 卵形下盾螨(6); 兵下盾螨(8); 溜下盾螨(6); 黔下盾螨(2) 赫刺螨属：鼩鼱赫刺螨(98) 裸厉螨属：巍山裸厉螨(2) 巨刺螨科 禽刺螨属：柏氏禽刺螨(27) 裂胸螨科 毛绥螨属：中毛绥螨(3); 前毛绥螨(2); 三叉毛绥螨(1) 蠊螨科 肛厉螨属：矮肛厉螨(16) 恙螨 恙螨科 恙螨亚科 纤恙螨属：小板纤恙螨(624); 中华纤恙螨(131); 副须纤恙螨(3); 绒鼠纤恙螨(29); 寒冬纤恙螨(28); 乡野纤恙螨(35); 树鼩纤恙螨(82); 王氏纤恙螨(59); 密点纤恙螨(56); 永胜纤恙螨(21); 于氏纤恙螨L. yui(32); 地理纤恙螨(197); 下关纤恙螨(6); 英帕纤恙螨(19); 贡山纤恙螨(2); 钉毛纤恙螨(147); 错那纤恙螨(5); 梁河纤恙螨(154); 四叉纤恙螨(1); 小微纤恙螨(2); 社鼠纤恙螨(5); 金马纤恙螨(25); 光器纤恙螨(1); 红纤恙螨(1); 高山纤恙螨(2); 苍白纤恙螨(1); 中鼩纤恙螨(4); 徐氏纤恙螨(82); 昆明纤恙螨(10); 粗毛纤恙螨(2); 沧江纤恙螨(30); 富士纤恙螨(1); 陇川纤恙螨(1); 裘氏纤恙螨(2); 碧鸡纤恙螨(1); 高姬纤恙螨(2); 苏纤恙螨(19); 皇帝纤恙螨(2); 碧山纤恙螨(3); 云岭纤恙螨(3); 鹅颈山纤恙螨(5);保鼠纤恙螨(4); 尾毛纤恙螨(14); 林地纤恙螨(1); 六毛纤恙螨(37); 岩栖纤恙螨(1); 竹栖纤恙螨(14); 泰山纤恙螨(1); 麂纤恙螨(8); 新猥纤恙螨(1) 叶片恙螨属：楔形叶片恙螨(1); 竹叶片恙螨(1); 怒江叶片恙螨(1); 云南叶片恙螨(5) 新恙螨属：日本新恙螨(5); 龙门新恙螨(1); 普通新恙螨(1);中华新恙螨(1) 长鞭恙螨属：通什长鞭恙螨(14) 真恙螨属：威氏真恙螨(8) 合轮恙螨属：柯氏合轮恙螨(7); 球感合轮恙螨(2); 云南合轮恙螨(10); 荔器合轮恙螨(3); 西盟合轮恙螨(316); 徐氏合轮恙螨(123) 珠恙螨属：短足珠恙螨(10); 莫卡珠恙螨(26); 马尼浦珠恙螨(3) 副珠恙螨属：巨副珠恙螨(1) 囊棒恙螨属：拉氏囊棒恙螨(2); 粗棒囊棒恙螨(1); 白沙囊棒恙螨(1); 印度囊棒恙螨(49); 云鼯囊棒恙螨(1); 鼯鼠囊棒恙螨(4); 云南囊棒恙螨(10); 李氏囊棒恙螨(28); 奥氏囊棒恙螨(5) 爬虫恙螨属：芒棒爬虫恙螨(17); 柠檬爬虫恙螨1); 腾冲爬虫恙螨(8); 针毛爬虫恙螨(6); 松鼠爬虫恙螨(2); 枪棒爬虫恙螨(3) 背展恙螨亚科 无前恙螨属：太平洋无前恙螨(2); 似太平洋无前恙螨(5); 微板无前恙螨(217); 中华无前恙螨(7); 葛洪无前恙螨(34); 小板无前恙螨(60); 队群无前恙螨(89); 无结无前恙螨(29); 藏南无前恙螨(42); 川无前恙螨(19); 西沙无前恙螨(7); 宽板无前恙螨(2); 攸氏无前恙螨(563); 蜀无前恙螨(60) 棒六恙螨属：林谷棒六恙螨(11); 点板棒六恙螨(1) 背展恙螨属：南方背展恙螨(3); 长足背展恙螨(27); 丛林背展恙螨(4); 半叶背展恙螨(2); 射点背展恙螨G. (13); 宽板背展恙螨(8); 德钦背展恙螨(3); 细棒背展恙螨(1); 小窝背展恙螨(1); 浙江背展恙螨(2); 云南背展恙螨(18); 东洋背展恙螨(2); 重庆背展恙螨(3); 麻板背展恙螨(1) 间毛纤恙螨属：并比间毛恙螨(1) 列恙螨科 列恙螨亚科 甲梯恙螨属：毛异甲梯恙螨(6) 注：a括号内数字表示个体数量。 
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表 2 2001-2015年云南省东亚屋顶鼠体表螨类总感染及优势螨种
Table 2. Overall infestations of mites and the infestations of dominant mite species on the body surface of Rattus brunneusculus in Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015
螨类名称 感染宿主数
(个)螨类个体数
(个)Cr% (PM%)a MA (MI) b 螨类 革螨 201 1 416 26.96(65.26) 4.60(7.04) 恙螨 158 3 836 73.04(51.30) 12.45(24.28) 总螨汇总 262 5 252 100.00(85.06) 17.05(20.05) 优势螨种 纳氏厉螨 111 589 11.21(36.04) 1.91(5.31) 小板纤恙螨 44 624 11.88(14.29) 2.03(14.18) 攸氏无前恙螨 29 563 10.72(9.42) 1.83(19.41) 注：a Cr%=构成比，PM%=感染率；b MA=平均多度(螨/鼠)，MI =感染度(螨/鼠)。
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表 3 2001-2015年云南省东亚屋顶鼠不同性别和年龄体表螨类感染比较
Table 3. Infestations of different sexes and ages of Rattus brunneusculus with mites in Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015
螨类名称 感染宿主数
(个)螨类个体数
(个)Cr% (PM%) a MA (MI) b 雌鼠 革螨 108 683 13.00 (35.06) 3.99 (6.32) 恙螨 84 1 980 37.70 (27.27) 11.58 (23.57) 总螨汇总 140 c 2 663 50.70 (45.45) 15.57 (19.02) 雄鼠 革螨 93 733 13.96 (30.19) 5.35 (7.88) 恙螨 74 1 856 35.34 (24.03) 13.55 (25.08) 总螨汇总 122 c 2 589 49.30 (39.61) 18.90 (21.22) 成年鼠 革螨 175 1 301 24.77 (56.82) 5.20 (7.43) 恙螨 134 3 468 66.03 (43.51) 13.87 (25.88) 总螨汇总 223 c 4 769 90.80 (72.40) 19.08 (21.39) 未成年鼠 革螨 26 115 2.19 (8.44) 1.98 (4.42) 恙螨 24 368 7.01 (7.79) 6.34 (15.33) 总螨汇总 39 c 483 9.20 (12.66) 8.33 (12.38) 注：a Cr%=构成比，PM%=感染率；b MA=平均多度(螨/鼠)，MI =感染度(螨/鼠); c该项为同时感染革螨和恙螨的东亚屋顶鼠个体数。
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表 4 2001-2015年云南省不同地理景观东亚屋顶鼠体表革螨和恙螨感染比较
Table 4. Infestations on the body surface of Rattus brunneusculus with mites in different landscapes of Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015
螨类名称 感染宿主数
(个)螨类个体数
(个)Cr% (PM%) a MA (MI) b 山区 革螨 176 1 191 22.68 (57.14) 3.87 (6.77) 恙螨 142 3 545 67.50 (46.10) 11.51 (24.96) 总螨汇总 229 c 4 736 90.18 (74.35) 15.38 (20.68) 坝区 革螨 25 225 4.28 (8.12) 0.73 (9.00) 恙螨 16 291 5.54 (5.19) 0.94 (18.19) 总螨汇总 33 c 516 9.82 (10.71) 1.68 (15.64) 注：a Cr%=构成比，PM%=感染率；b MA=平均多度(螨/鼠)，MI=感染度(螨/鼠); c该项为同时感染革螨和恙螨的东亚屋顶鼠个体数。
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