全球新冠疫苗研发与接种策略进展

吴俣; 刘珏; 刘民; 梁万年

doi:10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2023.08.014

全球新冠疫苗研发与接种策略进展

doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2023.08.014

吴俣¹,
刘珏¹,
刘民^1, ,,
梁万年^2, ,

1.
北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系，重大疾病流行病学教育部重点实验室(北京大学)，北京 100191
2.
清华大学万科公共卫生与健康学院，北京 100084

基金项目:

科技创新2030—新一代人工智能重大项目 2021ZD0114104

科技创新2030—新一代人工智能重大项目 2021ZD0114105

科技创新2030—新一代人工智能重大项目 2021ZD0114101

国家自然科学基金 71934002

国家自然科学基金 72122001

详细信息

通讯作者:
刘民，E-mail：liumin@bjmu.edu.cn

梁万年，E-mail：liangwn@tsinghua.edu.cn

中图分类号: R373.1
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- 文章访问数: 240
- HTML全文浏览量: 248
- PDF下载量: 71
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-08
- 修回日期: 2023-07-10
- 网络出版日期: 2023-09-02
- 刊出日期: 2023-08-10

Progress in global COVID-19 vaccine development and vaccination strategies

WU Yu¹,
LIU Jue¹,
LIU Min^{1
, ,},
LIANG Wannian^{2
, ,}

1.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
2.
Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Funds:

National Key Research and Development Project of China 2021ZD0114104

National Key Research and Development Project of China 2021ZD0114105

National Key Research and Development Project of China 2021ZD0114101

National Natural Science Foundation of China 71934002

National Natural Science Foundation of China 72122001

More Information

Corresponding author: LIU Min, E-mail: liumin@bjmu.edu.cn; LIANG Wannian, E-mail: liangwn@tsinghua.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: WHO于2023年5月5日宣布新型冠状病毒感染(corona virus disease 2019，COVID-19)疫情不再构成国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。全球疫情相对稳定，但是各国仍不能放松对COVID-19的警惕。接种新冠疫苗仍是有效的预防手段。本文主要围绕当前全球新冠疫苗研发进展、不同国家疫苗接种策略调整情况等进行对比分析，并结合WHO推荐对新冠疫苗接种策略的最新指导意见，分析探讨全球新冠疫苗研发及各国疫苗接种策略对我国的启示，提出适合我国国情的针对性疫苗接种建议。
- 新型冠状病毒感染 /
- 疫苗 /
- 接种策略 /
- 世界卫生组织
Abstract: On May 5, 2023, the World Health Organization declared that the outbreak of COVID-19 no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. The global epidemic is relatively stable, but countries should not relax their vigilance against the novel coronavirus. Vaccination against COVID-19 remains an effective means of prevention. This study mainly makes a comparative analysis of the current progress of global COVID-19 vaccine research and development and the adjustment of vaccination strategies in different countries, combined with the latest guidance recommended by the World Health Organization on COVID-19 vaccine vaccination strategies, analyzes and discusses the inspiration of global COVID-19 vaccine research and development and national vaccination strategies for China, and puts forward targeted vaccination recommendations suitable for China's national conditions.
- COVID-19 /
- vaccine /
- vaccination strategies /
- World Health Organization

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表 1 WHO报告的全球COVID-19候选疫苗

Table 1. Global COVID-19 vaccine candidates reported by the WHO

平台Platform	临床疫苗技术路线 Candidates in clinical phase	候选疫苗数量 Candidate vaccines (no.)	候选疫苗(占比/%) Candidate vaccines (proportion/%)
PS	蛋白质亚基Protein subunit	59	32.2
VVnr	病毒载体(非复制) Viral Vector (non-replicating)	25	13.7
DNA	DNA	17	9.3
IV	灭活病毒Inactivated Virus	22	12.2
RNA	RNA	43	23.5
VVr	病毒载体(复制) Virus Vector (replicating)	4	2.2
VLP	类病毒颗粒Virus Like Particle	7	3.8
VVr + APC	VVr + 抗原呈递细胞VVr + Antigen Presenting Cell	2	1.1
LAV	减毒活病毒Live Attenuated Virus	2	1.1
VVnr + APC	VVnr +抗原呈递细胞VVnr + Antigen Presenting Cell	1	0.5
BacAg-SpV	细菌抗原-孢子表达载体Bacterial antigen-spore expression vector	1	0.5

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表 2 WHO报告的全球COVID-19候选疫苗的接种剂量和接种时间

Table 2. The dose and timing of global COVID-19 vaccine candidates reported by the WHO

接种剂量和接种时间 Number of doses & schedule	候选疫苗数量 Number of candidate vaccines	候选疫苗(占比/%) Candidate vaccines (proportion/%)
1剂dose	47	25.7
d 0	47
2剂doses	101	55.2
d 0 + 14	8
d 0 + 21	37
d 0 + 28	56
3剂doses	2	1.14
d 0 + 28 + 56	2
尚无数据No data	33	18.0

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表 3 WHO紧急使用清单中的COVID-19疫苗

Table 3. COVID-19 Vaccines with WHO Emergency Use Listing

疫苗名称Vaccine name	研发机构Research and development institution
COMIRNATY^® COVID-19 mRNA疫苗(核苷修饰) COMIRNATY^® COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (nucleoside modified)	辉瑞/BioNTech公司Pfizer / BioNTech
COMIRNATY^®原始株/Omicron BA.1 (15/15 mcg) COVID-19 mRNA疫苗(核苷修饰) COMIRNATY^®Original/Omicron BA.1 (15/15 mcg) COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (nucleoside modified)	辉瑞/BioNTech公司Pfizer / BioNTech
COMIRNATY^®原始株/Omicron BA.4-5 (15/15 mcg) COVID-19 mRNA疫苗(核苷修饰) COMIRNATY^®Original/Omicron BA.4-5(15/15 mcg) COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (nucleoside modified)	辉瑞/BioNTech公司Pfizer / BioNTech
COMIRNATY^®原始株/Omicron BA.4-5 (5/5mcg) COVID-19 mRNA疫苗(核苷修饰) COMIRNATY^®Original/Omicron BA.4-5 (5/5 mcg) COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (nucleoside modified)	辉瑞/BioNTech公司Pfizer / BioNTech
VAXZEVRIA COVID-19疫苗(ChAdOx1-S[重组]) VAXZEVRIA COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant])	阿斯利康公司/牛津大学Oxford/AstraZeneca
COVISHIELD^TM COVID-19疫苗(ChAdOx1-S[重组]) COVISHIELD^TM COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant])	印度血清研究所Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd
COVID-19疫苗(Ad26.COV2-S [重组]) COVID-19 Vaccine (Ad26.COV2-S [recombinant])	强生公司Janssen-Cilag International NV
SPIKEVAX COVID-19 mRNA疫苗(核苷修饰) SPIKEVAX COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (nucleoside modified)	莫德纳公司Moderna Biotech
COVID-19灭活疫苗(Vero细胞) Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell)	北京生物制品研究所 Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd. (BIBP)
CoronaVac COVID-19灭活疫苗(Vero细胞) CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated	北京科兴中维生物技术有限公司Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd
COVAXIN^® COVID-19疫苗(全病毒颗粒灭活冠状病毒疫苗) COVAXIN^® COVID-19 vaccine (Whole Virion Inactivated Corona Virus vaccine)	巴拉特生物技术公司Bharat Biotech International Ltd
COVOVAX^TM COVID-19疫苗(SARS-CoV-2 rS蛋白纳米颗粒[重组]) COVOVAX^TM COVID-19 vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 rS Protein Nanoparticle [recombinant])	印度血清研究所Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd
NUVAXOVID^TM COVID-19疫苗(SARS-CoV-2 rs[重组佐剂]) NUVAXOVID^TM COVID-19 vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 rS [Recombinant, adjuvanted])	美国诺瓦瓦克斯公司Novavax CZ a.s.
CONVIDECIA COVID-19疫苗(Ad5-nCoV-S [重组]) CONVIDECIA COVID-19 Vaccine (Ad5-nCoV-S [Recombinant])	中国康希诺生物制剂公司CanSino Biologics Inc.
SKYCovione^TM (GBP510) COVID-19疫苗(重组蛋白亚基) SKYCovione^TM (GBP510) COVID-19 Vaccine (Recombinant protein subunit)	韩国SK生物科技公司SK Bioscience Co., Ltd,

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表 4 WHO免疫战略咨询专家组更新的COVID-19疫苗接种指南

Table 4. The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts in WHO updates COVID-19 vaccination guidance

人群Population	定义Definition	疫苗接种建议Vaccination recommendations
高优先使用人群 High priority group	老年人、患有严重合并症(例如糖尿病和心脏病)的年轻人、免疫缺陷症患者(如艾滋病毒携带者和移植受体，包括≥6个月的儿童)、孕妇和一线卫生工作者 Older adults; younger adults with significant comorbidities (e.g. diabetes and heart disease); people with immunocompromising conditions (e.g. people living with HIV and transplant recipients, including children aged 6 months and older); pregnant persons; and frontline health workers.	在最后一次加强针注射后6个月或12个月再注射1剂加强针，时间范围取决于年龄和免疫力低下以及当前的流行病学状况等因素。 SAGE recommends an additional booster of either 6 or 12 months after the last dose, with the timeframe depending on factors such as age and immunocompromising conditions
中等优先使用人群 Medium priority group	50~＜60岁以下未患有合并症的健康成年人，以及患有合并症的儿童和青少年 Healthy adults- usually under the age of 50-＜60 without comorbidities and children and adolescents with comorbidities	建议全程接种新冠疫苗并接种1剂加强针。尽管额外的加强针对这一群体是安全的，但鉴于公共卫生回报相对较低，因此并不常规推荐这一做法。 SAGE recommends primary series and first booster doses for the medium priority group. Although additional boosters are safe for this group, SAGE does not routinely recommend them, given the comparatively low public health returns.
低优先使用人群 Low priority group	年龄为6个月到17岁的健康儿童和青少年 Healthy children and adolescents aged 6 months to 17 years	建议全程接种疫苗以及加强针。但是鉴于其疾病负担较低，因此各国应当基于各国实际情况，如疾病负担、成本效益、其他卫生或方案优先事项以及机会成本，重新考虑是否为该群体接种疫苗。 Primary and booster doses are safe and effective in children and adolescents. However, considering the low burden of disease, SAGE urges countries considering vaccination of this age group to base their decisions on contextual factors, such as the disease burden, cost effectiveness, and other health or programmatic priorities and opportunity costs.

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表 5 新冠疫苗的目标人群、时间间隔和疫苗选择

Table 5. Target population, time interval and vaccine selection for COVID-19vaccines

目标人群Target population	时间间隔Time interval	疫苗选择Vaccine selection
未感染Uninfected
未完成基础免疫人群 Incomplete basic immunization population	按现行规定执行In accordance with the current regulations	新冠病毒灭活疫苗(国药中生北京公司、北京科兴公司、国药中生武汉公司、深圳康泰公司、医科院生物所)；重组新冠病毒疫苗(智飞龙科马[中国仓鼠卵巢(Chinese Hamster Ovary，CHO)细胞]; 腺病毒载体新冠病毒疫苗(康希诺肌注式)。 Inactivated COVID-19vaccine (Sinopharmate Beijing Company, Sinopharmate Beijing Company, Sinopharmate Wuhan Company, Shenzhen Kangtai Company, Institute of Biology, Academy of Medical Sciences); Recombinant COVID-19vaccine (Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells); Adenovirus vector COVID-19vaccine (Concino intramuscular injection).
18岁以上未完成第1剂次加强免疫接种的人群 People over 18 years of age who have not completed the first dose of booster immunization	完成基础免疫3个月后实施第1剂次加强免疫 The first dose of booster immunization was administered 3 months after completion of basic immunization	神州细胞重组新冠病毒4价S三聚体蛋白疫苗、石药集团新冠病毒mRNA疫苗；重组新冠病毒疫苗[智飞龙科马(CHO细胞)、珠海丽珠(CHO细胞)、成都威斯克(sf9细胞)、浙江三叶草(CHO细胞)、神州细胞2价S三聚体]；腺病毒载体新冠病毒疫苗(康希诺吸入用)；流感病霉载体新冠病毒疫苗(北京万泰)。 Shenzhou cell recombinant novel coronavirus 4-valent S trimer protein vaccine, Stone Pharmaceutical Group novel coronavirus mRNA vaccine; Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine [Zhifeilong Coma (CHO cells), Zhuhai Lizhu (CHO cells), Chengdu Wesker (sf9 cells), Zhejiang clover (CHO cells), Shenzhou cell 2-valent S trimer]; Adenovirus vector novel coronavirus vaccine (Consinol inhalation); Influenza mildew vector novel coronavirus vaccine (Beijing Wantai).
18岁以上未完成第2剂次加强免疫接种的人群(感染高风险人群、60岁以上老年人群、具有较严重基础性疾病人群和免疫力低下人群) People over 18 years of age who have not completed the second dose of booster immunization (people at high risk of infection, people over 60 years of age, people with more serious underlying diseases and people with low immunity)	完成第1剂次加强免疫6个月后实施第2剂次加强免疫 The second booster dose was administered 6 months after the first booster dose was completed
已感染Infected	未完成基础免疫人群Incomplete basic immunization population	感染3个月后Three months after infection

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