Effects of gender and age on sibling relationship of first-born children at preschool age
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摘要:
目的 研究性别和年龄对学龄前长子女同胞关系的影响。 方法 采用整群抽样方法抽取深圳市龙华区全区幼儿园3~6岁有弟弟/妹妹的长子女作为研究对象，共8 449例，最终纳入分析儿童8 419例。用自制问卷收集一般人口学资料，用同胞关系量表(sibling inventory of behavior, SIB)评估同胞关系，包括积极关系(陪伴、共情和教导)和消极关系(竞争、攻击和回避)，共6个维度。 结果 长子的同胞攻击维度得分高于长女，而同胞陪伴、同胞共情和同胞教导维度得分则低于长女，差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)；同性同胞的竞争维度得分较异性同胞高，差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)；不同同胞组合在同胞关系的6个维度差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)；随着年龄的增长，不同年龄儿童在同胞回避、陪伴、共情、教导4个维度中得分差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。分层回归分析显示，同胞关系中的共情维度和教导维度，最终模型(模型3)纳入性别、年龄和同胞关系构成3个变量，差异均有统计学意义(R2=0.011, F=32.396, 均P＜0.001；R2=0.021, F=58.921, 均P＜0.001)。 结论 长子女的性别和年龄对同胞关系的发展有影响。长女和5~6岁的儿童更容易发展积极的同胞关系。 Abstract:Objective To study the effects of gender and age on sibling relationships of first-born children at preschool age. Methods A cluster sampling method was used to select the first-born children aged 3-6 years with younger brothers/sisters at all the kindergartens in Longhua District of Shenzhen City. A total of 8 449 cases were investigated, of which 8 419 cases were effectively completed. A self-made questionnaire was used to collect general demographic data. The sibling inventory of behavior (SIB) scale, including three positive dimensions (companionship, empathy and teaching) and three negative dimensions (rivalry, aggression and avoidance), was used to explore the sibling relationship. Results The scores of sibling aggression in first-born boys were higher than those in girls; however, the scores of positive sibling relationships, including companionship, empathy and teaching, were lower than those in girls (all P＜0.05). The competition dimension score of a same-sex sibling was significantly higher than that of a heterosexual sibling (all P＜0.05). There were significant differences across all six dimensions of sibling relationships among different sibling combinations. With the increase of age, the scores of sibling avoidance significantly decreased, while the scores of the three positive dimensions, including companionship, empathy and teaching, increased considerably (all P＜0.05). Hierarchical regression analysis showed statistical significance in the empathy and teaching of the final model (model 3), which includes three variables (gender, age and sibling relationship) [R2=0.011, F=32.396 (P＜0.001); R2=0.021, F=58.921 (P＜0.001), respectively]. Conclusions The gender and age of first-born children may impact the development of sibling relationships. First-born girls and children aged 5-6 are more likely to develop positive sibling relationships. -
Key words:
- Sibling relationship /
- First-born /
- Preschool children /
- Gender /
- Age
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表 1 研究对象的一般人口学特征
Table 1. General demographic characteristics of the subjects
项目Item 长子女性别Gender of first-born children 长子女年龄组/岁Age of first-born children/year 男
Male女
Femalet/χ2
值valueP值
value3~＜4 4~＜5 5~＜6 6~＜7 F/χ2
值valueP值
value深圳户籍Registered residence in Shenzhen 0.626 0.418 0.426 0.623 是Yes 2 119 2 324 594 1 372 1 813 664 否No 1 862 2 114 533 1 268 1 606 569 母亲生育年龄/岁, (x±s)
Maternal reproductive age/years, (x±s)26.30
±3.6426.45
±3.57-1.882 0.112 26.18
±3.4326.31
±3.7326.27
±3.4626.03
±3.222.944 0.095 母亲学历Mother′s educational background 0.358 0.723 1.721 0.137 初中及以下Junior high school and below 575 623 179 369 481 169 高中或中专Senior school or technical secondary school 786 891 191 531 685 270 大学及以上University and above 2 596 2 893 823 1 662 2 264 740 母亲婚姻状况Mother′s marital status 0.236 0.814 4.705 0.062 结婚Marry 3 949 4 397 1 133 2 593 3 422 1 198 离异/丧偶/未婚Divorce/Widow/Unmarried 32 40 10 15 32 15 父亲生育年龄/岁, (x±s)
Father′s reproductive age/years, (x±s)28.39
±4.2328.51
±4.17-1.302 0.165 28.37
±4.1528.41
±4.2928.26
±4.0428.12
±3.991.948 0.106 父亲学历Father′s educational background 4.250 0.071 1.654 0.151 初中及以下Junior high school and below 524 584 155 340 457 156 高中或中专Senior school or technical secondary school 790 961 241 549 709 252 大学及以上University and above 2 635 2 858 737 1 681 2 291 781 父亲婚姻状况Father′s marital status 0.324 0.767 7.454 0.056 结婚Marry 3 947 4 405 1 132 2 598 3 423 1 199 离异/丧偶/未婚Divorce/Widow/Unmarried 34 33 11 11 31 14 家庭月收入/(元·月-1)
Monthly household income/(yuan·month-1)3.947 0.079 1.436 0.156 ＜10 000 575 625 165 370 493 173 10 000~＜20 000 1 399 1 650 410 967 1 222 451 20 000~＜30 000 879 961 245 585 753 256 30 000~＜40 000 467 492 142 292 405 120 ≥40 000 660 710 191 416 561 202 
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表 2 不同性别间的同胞关系维度得分差异性比较
Table 2. Comparison of differences in scores of sibling relationship dimensions between different genders
项目Item 长子 ① First-born boys ①
(n=3 981)长女 ① First-born girls ①
(n=4 438)t值value P值value 竞争Rivalry 14.96±4.17 14.89±4.18 0.711 0.477 攻击Aggression 12.16±3.47 11.61±3.44 7.227 ＜0.001 回避Avoidance 6.51±1.89 6.45±1.81 1.441 0.150 陪伴Companionship 23.59±3.99 24.11±3.83 -6.162 ＜0.001 共情Empathy 19.01±3.46 19.63±3.27 -8.374 ＜0.001 教导Teaching 14.75±2.88 15.38±2.78 -10.132 ＜0.001 注：①以(x±s)表示。
Note: ① (x±s).
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表 3 不同同胞性别构成间的同胞关系维度得分差异性比较
Table 3. Comparison of differences in scores of sibling relationship dimensions between different siblings′ gender composition
项目Item 同性同胞 ① Same-sex sibling ①
(n=3 941)异性同胞 ① Heterosexual sibling ①
(n=4 478)t值value P值value 竞争Rivalry 15.06±4.17 14.80±4.16 2.857 0.004 攻击Aggression 11.91±3.44 11.84±3.48 0.967 0.334 回避Avoidance 6.51±1.93 6.44±1.78 1.617 0.106 陪伴Companionship 23.89±3.95 23.85±3.89 0.509 0.611 共情Empathy 19.27±3.46 19.39±3.22 -1.740 0.082 教导Teaching 15.06±2.89 15.10±2.81 -0.751 0.453 注：①以(x±s)表示。
Note: ① (x±s).
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表 4 不同同胞性别构成间的同胞关系维度得分差异性比较
Table 4. Comparison of differences in scores of sibling relationship dimensions between different siblings′ gender composition
项目Item 兄弟组 ①②
Brother group ①②
(n=2 195)兄妹组①③
Brother and sister
group①③ (n=1 940)姐弟组 ①④
Sister and brother
group ①④ (n=2 538)姐妹组 ①
Sister group ①
(n=1 746)F值
valueP值
value竞争Rivalry 15.14±4.21 14.74±4.13 ② 14.84±4.18 ② 14.95±4.18 3.611 0.013 攻击Aggression 12.23±3.46 12.04±3.49 11.68±3.46 ②③ 11.51±3.38 ②③ 18.242 ＜0.001 回避Avoidance 6.57±1.97 6.44±1.80 ② 6.44±1.76 ② 6.42±1.88 ② 3.033 0.028 陪伴Companionship 23.59±4.02 23.62±3.94 24.02±3.84 ②③ 24.27±3.83 ②③④ 13.548 ＜0.001 共情Empathy 18.96±3.51 19.11±3.40 19.61±3.24 ②③ 19.65±3.34 ②③ 22.804 ＜0.001 教导Teaching 14.75±2.90 14.79±2.85 15.34±2.76 ②③ 15.45±2.82 ②③ 34.080 ＜0.001 注：①以(x±s)表示; ②代表与兄弟组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05); ③代表与兄妹组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05); ④代表与姐弟组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。
Note：① (x±s); ② Means it has statistical significance compared to the brother group (P＜0.05); ③ Means it has statistical significance compared to the brother and sister group (P＜0.05); ④ Means it has statistical significance compared to the sister and brothe group (P＜0.05).
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表 5 长子女不同年龄间的同胞关系维度得分差异性比较
Table 5. Comparison of differences in sibling relationship dimensions among first-born children of different ages
项目Item 年龄组/岁Age group/years, (x±s) F值
valueP值
value3~＜4
(n=1 147)4~＜5
(n=2 611)5~＜6
(n=3 460)6~＜7
(n=1 201)竞争Rivalry 14.63±4.18 14.94±4.20 14.97±4.15 15.05±4.20 2.431 0.063 攻击Aggression 11.88±3.61 11.94±3.50 11.80±3.40 11.91±3.41 0.853 0.465 回避Avoidance 6.65±1.89 6.48±1.85 ① 6.43±1.83 ① 6.41±1.86 ① 4.667 0.003 陪伴Companionship 23.20±4.23 23.76±3.95 ① 24.03±3.81 ①② 24.27±3.77 ①② 18.088 ＜0.001 共情Empathy 18.95±3.55 19.22±3.37 ① 19.48±3.34 ①② 19.52±3.35 ①② 9.246 ＜0.001 教导Teaching 14.52±2.95 14.96±2.85 ① 15.26±2.82 ①② 15.36±2.74 ①② 25.500 ＜0.001 注：①代表与兄弟组差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05); ②代表与兄妹组差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。
Note: ① Means it has statistical significance compared to the brother group (all P＜0.05); ② Means it has statistical significance compared to the brother and sister group (all P＜0.05).
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表 6 同胞关系各维度的分层回归分析
Table 6. Hierarchical regression analysis of dimensions in sibling relationship
因变量
Dependent variable自变量
Independent variable模型1 Model 1 模型2 Model 2 模型3 Model 3 系数
Coefficient标化系数
Standardization coefficient系数
Coefficient标化系数
Standardization coefficient系数
Coefficient标化系数
Standardization coefficient共情Empathy 截距Nodal increment 18.688 ① 18.425 ① 17.897 ① 同胞关系构成Sibling relationship 0.263 ① 0.085 0.078 0.025 0.079 0.250 长子女性别The gender of first-born children 0.469 ② 0.069 0.470 ② 0.069 长子女年龄The age of first-born children 0.206 ① 0.055 R2 0.007 0.008 0.011 F 60.772 ① 35.828 ① 32.396 ① △R2 0.007 0.001 0.003 △F 60.772 ① 10.813 ① 25.324 ① 教导Teaching 截距Nodal increment 14.422 ① 14.158 ① 13.418 ① 同胞关系构成Sibling relationship 0.268 ① 0.103 0.084 0.032 0.084 0.032 长子女性别The gender of first-born children 0.469 ① 0.082 0.470 ① 0.082 长子女年龄The age of first-born children 0.289 ① 0.091 R2 0.010 0.012 0.021 F 89.456 ① 52.454 ① 58.921 ① △R2 0.010 0.002 0.008 △F 89.456 ① 15.299 ① 70.985 ① 注：n=8 419; △R2, 指相比前一个模型，R2增加的值; △F, 指△R2对应的F值。
①P＜0.001; ②P＜0.05。
Note：n=8 419; △R2 meas the increase in R2 compared to the previous model; △F meas refers to the F value corresponding to △R2.
①P＜0.001; ②P＜0.05.
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