Distribution characteristics of intelligence level among primary and secondary school students in China
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摘要:
目的 分析我国14个省中小学生的智力水平现状和分布特点，为促进我国中小学生智力健康发育提供依据。 方法 本研究对象来源于“中国0~18岁儿童营养与健康系统调查与应用”项目中的3 348名中小学生，采用韦氏儿童智力量表第四版对3 348名中小学生智力水平进行测评。采用多分类logistic回归分析模型分析探讨影响中小学生智力的多种因素。 结果 3 348名中小学生的总智商(full scale intelligence quotient, FSIQ)得分中位数为101分，智力水平为优秀及以上、中等、临界及以下分别占8.12%、87.04%、4.84%。多因素logistic回归分析显示，城市中小学生智力水平为优秀及以上的可能性是农村中小学生的1.533倍(OR=1.533, 95% CI: 1.115~2.107, P=0.009);东部地区和中部地区中小学生智力水平为优秀及以上的可能性分别是西部地区中小学生的3.183倍(OR=3.183)和1.893倍(OR=1.893);父母文化程度为大专及以上的中小学生智力水平为优秀及以上的可能性是父母文化程度为高中/中专及以下中小学生的2.279倍(OR=2.279)。位于城市地区(OR=0.376)、中部地区(OR=0.476)、父母文化程度为大专及以上(OR=0.205)均是中小学生智力水平临界及以下的保护因素(均P＜0.05)，留守状态是中小学生智力水平临界及以下的危险因素(OR=1.934, P=0.007)。 结论 我国中小学生智力位于中等水平的占比较大，农村、西部地区、父母文化程度较低和留守状态是中小学生智力水平的危险因素。提示应多关注农村、西部地区、父母文化程度较低和留守状态中小学生的智力发育情况，全面促进我国中小学生的智力发育。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the intelligence level and the distribution characteristics of different primary and secondary school students covering 14 provinces in China. Methods The students in this study were from 3 348 primary and middle school students in the project of "Systematic Investigation and Application of Nutrition and Health in children aged 0-18 years in China". The Wechsler intelligence scale for children fourth edition (WISC-IV) was used to evaluate the intellectual level of 3 348 primary and secondary school students. Multiple logistic regression analysis model was used to analyze the factors affecting primary and secondary school students' intelligence. Results The median FSIQ score of 3 348 primary and secondary school students was 101, and the proportion of intelligence level with excellent or above, medium, critical or below was 8.12%, 87.04% and 4.84%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of primary and secondary school students in urban with excellent and above intelligence level was 1.533 times of those in rural (OR=1.533);the probability of primary and secondary school students in eastern and central areas with excellent or above intelligence level was 3.183 times (OR=3.183) and 1.893 times (OR=1.893) of those in western areas; Primary and secondary school students whose parents' education level is college/university or above are 2.279 times more likely to have excellent or above intelligence than primary and secondary school students whose parents' education level is high school/technical secondary school or below (OR=2.279). Living in urban (OR=0.376), located in central area (OR=0.476), parents earned college/university degree or above (OR=0.205) are the protective factors for primary and secondary school students with critical or below intelligence level (all P < 0.05). Left-behind status is the risk factor for primary and secondary school students with critical or below intelligence level (OR=1.934, P=0.007). Conclusions Primary and secondary school students with medium intelligence level taking the largest proportion, rural areas, western regions, low parental education level and left-behind status are risk factors for the intelligence level of primary and secondary school students. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to the intellectual development of primary and secondary school students in rural areas, western regions, parents with low education level and left-behind status, so as to comprehensively promote the intellectual development of primary and secondary school students in China. -
表 1 我国不同特征中小学生总智商得分情况
Table 1. FSIQ scores of primary and secondary school students in China with different characteristics
特征Feature 人数(占比/%)
Number of people(proportion/%)M(P25, P75) 合计Total 3 348(100.00) 101(92, 108) 性别Gender 男性Male 1 692(50.54) 100.5(92, 108) 女性Female 1 656(49.46) 101(92, 108) 年龄组/岁Age group/years 7~＜8 813(24.28) 102(93, 110) 9~＜10 893(26.67) 102(93, 111) 12~＜13 837(25.00) 100(92, 106) 16~＜17 805(24.04) 98(90, 104) 城乡Residence 城市Urban 1 640(48.98) 102(95, 111) 农村Rural 1 708(51.02) 98(89, 105) 地区Area 东部地区Eastern China 1 010(30.17) 103(94, 113) 中部地区Central China 1 105(33.00) 100(92, 107) 西部地区Western China 1 233(36.83) 99(90, 105) 父母文化程度 ① Parental education ① 高中/中专及以下High school/technical secondary school and below 1 815(64.84) 98(89, 105) 大专及以上Junior college or above 984(35.16) 105(99, 113) 家庭年收入/万元 ① Annual household income/10 000 yuan ① ＜10 1 320(62.80) 100(91, 106) ≥10 782(37.20) 103(97, 113) 是否为留守儿童 ①Whether they are left-behind children ① 否No 2 355(81.35) 101(93, 109) 是Yes 540(18.65) 96(88, 103) 孩子出生时母亲年龄/岁 ① The reproductive age of the mother /years ① ＜21 988(29.82) 98(90, 104) 21~＜28 1 524(46.00) 101(93, 108) 28~＜51 801(24.18) 102(93, 111) 孩子出生时父亲年龄/岁 ① The reproductive age of the father/years ① ＜21 652(20.01) 98(90, 104) 21~＜28 1 480(45.41) 101(92, 108) 28~＜51 1 127(34.58) 102(93, 111) 注：FSIQ，总智商。
①表示数据部分缺失。
Note: FSIQ，full scale intelligence quotient.
①Indicates that partial data missing.
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表 2 我国不同特征中小学生总智商等级的分布情况
Table 2. Distribution of FSIQ grades of primary and secondary school students in China with different characteristics
特征Feature 总智商等级FSIQ group χ2值
valueP值
value优秀及以上 ①
Excellent and above ①中等 ①
Intermediate level ①临界及以下 ①
Critical and below ①性别Gender 0.200 0.654 男性Male 141(8.33) 1 468(86.76) 83(4.91) 女性Female 131(7.91) 1 446(87.32) 79(4.77) 年龄组/岁Age group/years 12.744 0.005 7~＜8 65(8.00) 712(87.58) 36(4.42) 9~＜10 96(10.75) 747(83.65) 50(5.60) 12~＜13 60(7.17) 734(87.69) 43(5.14) 16~＜17 51(6.33) 721(89.57) 33(4.10) 城乡Residence 18.253 ＜0.001 城市Urban 167(10.18) 1 434(87.44) 39(2.38) 农村Rural 105(6.15) 1 480(86.65) 123(7.20) 地区Area 68.350 ＜0.001 东部地区Eastern China 139(13.76) 841(83.27) 30(2.97) 中部地区Central China 80(7.24) 974(88.14) 51(4.62) 西部地区Western China 53(4.30) 1 099(89.13) 81(6.57) 父母文化程度Parental education 75.018 ＜0.001 高中/中专及以下High school/technical secondary school and below 88(4.85) 1 615(88.98) 112(6.17) 大专及以上Junior college or above 140(14.23) 835(84.86) 9(0.91) 家庭年收入/万元Household income/10 000 yuan 20.649 ＜0.001 ＜10 91(6.90) 1 150(87.12) 79(5.98) ≥10 100(12.79) 667(85.29) 15(1.92) 是否为留守儿童Whether they are left-behind children 17.782 ＜0.001 否No 211(8.96) 2 057(87.35) 87(3.69) 是Yes 19(3.52) 477(88.33) 44(8.15) 孩子出生时母亲年龄/岁The reproductive age of the mother /years 18.562 ＜0.001 ＜21 52(5.26) 883(89.37) 53(5.37) 21~＜28 130(8.53) 1 324(86.88) 70(4.59) 28~＜51 86(10.74) 677(84.52) 38(4.74) 孩子出生时父亲年龄/岁The reproductive age of the father /years 18.464 ＜0.001 ＜21 30(4.60) 588(90.18) 34(5.22) 21~＜28 119(8.04) 1 292(87.30) 69(4.66) 28~＜51 117(10.38) 957(84.92) 53(4.70) 合计Total 272(8.12) 2 914(87.04) 162(4.84) 注：FSIQ，总智商。
①以人数(占比/%)表示。
Note: FSIQ，full scale intelligence quotient.
①Number of people(proportion/%).
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表 3 我国中小学生智力水平相关因素的多分类logistic逐步回归分析
Table 3. Multivariate logistic stepwise regression of related factors of primary and secondary school students in China whose intelligence level
因素Factors 优秀及以上Excellent and above 临界及以下Critical and below β值
valueP值
valueOR值value
(95% CI)β值
valueP值
valueOR值value
(95% CI)城乡Residence 农村Rural 1.000 1.000 城市Urban 0.427 0.009 1.533(1.115~2.107) -0.977 ＜0.001 0.376(0.224~0.632) 地区Area 西部地区Western China 1.000 1.000 东部地区Eastern China 1.158 ＜0.001 3.183(2.098~4.830) -0.235 0.397 0.790(0.458~1.362) 中部地区Central China 0.638 0.007 1.893(1.192~3.006) -0.743 0.008 0.476(0.275~0.825) 父母文化程度Parental education 高中/中专及以下High school/technical secondary school and below 1.000 1.000 大专及以上Junior college or above 0.824 ＜0.001 2.279(1.645~3.157) -1.583 ＜0.001 0.205(0.097~0.435) 是否为留守儿童Whether they are left-behind children 否No 1.000 1.000 是Yea -0.485 0.097 0.615(0.347~1.092) 0.660 0.007 1.934(1.197~3.126) 注：模型以智力水平“中等”为参照组(智力中等=0)。
Note: The model takes "medium" intelligence level as the reference group (medium intelligence=0).
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