Abstract: Objective To understand the seroepidemiological status of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its vaccination coverage, and to preliminarily explore the influencing factors of HBV infection among drug users in Shanxi province, China. Methods 1 176 drug users in three compulsory detoxification centers were included in the study, from June to December 2014.Information on the general demographic characteristics, the related factors of HBV infection and history of hepatitis B vaccination were collected through questionnaires at face-to-face interviews. Anticoagulant venous blood samples of 5 ml were also collected for HBsAg and anti-HBs testing, using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of HBV infection. Results A total number of 1 176 drug users were included in the study, including 1 118 males and 58 females, with a mean age of (37.91±8.58) years. According to the laboratory results, HBsAg positive was defined as the case group (55), and HBsAg negative was defined as the control group (1 121).Age and gender differences between the two groups had no statistically significant differences. The positive rate of HBsAg and anti-HBs were 4.68% (55/1 176)and 34.69 %(408/1 176), respectively. 717 subjects (60.97%) were negative for both markers. The coverage rate of hepatitis B vaccination was low, only 22.62%(266/1 176) of the drug users had a clear history of hepatitis B vaccination. The logistic regression analysis showed that family history of HBV infection (OR=6.654, 95% CI:2.550-17.364), having pedicure(OR=1.955, 95% CI:1.086-3.518) and history of hepatitis C infection(OR=7.935,95% CI:1.496-42.098)were associated with HBsAg positive. Anti-HBs positive was a protective factor of HBsAg positive. Additive interaction and multiplication interaction were not found between pedicure history and family history of HBV infection(all P>0.05). Conclusions Drug users in compulsory detoxification centers were high-risk group of HBV infection, and their prior hepatitis B vaccination coverage rate and anti-HBs positive rate were low. Having family history of HBV infection, pedicure experiences and history of hepatitis C infection were risk factors of HBsAg positive. All above suggest the necessity and importance of the hepatitis B vaccination. Thus, the intervention of hepatitis B vaccination could reduce the risk of HBV infection among compulsory detoxification drug users.