Abstract: Objective To investigate two-week prevalence of disease among residents in Hunan and prevalence rate of chronic disease within previous six months among Hunan residents aged 15 years and over in the year of 2013. Methods Totally, 24 282 individuals were selected using multi-stage random sampling. Rao-scott adjusted chi-square test was used to test differences in prevalence rates. In addition, the proportions of top 10 diseases were estimated. Results The two-week prevalence rate was similar between urban residents and rural residents for all age groups in Hunan Province (23.03% vs 22.75%), but the two-week prevalence was much higher in rural residents than in urban residents for 15- years (5.52% vs 2.18%) and 35- years (14.96% vs 9.40%), with significant difference(all P<0.05). Acute respiratory infectious diseases and injuries were the most common diseases of two-week prevalence for residents aged less than 5years, 5- years and 15- years in both urban and rural residents. While chronic diseases accounted for the major of two-week prevalence in residents with aged ≥35 years. The prevalence of chronic diseases within previous six months was slightly higher for residents aged ≥15 years in urban areas than that in rural areas (32.97% vs 27.68%), but no significant difference (χ²=1.34,P=0.247). Hypertension, diabetes and intervertebral disc disorders were major causes of chronic disease prevalence in residents aged ≥35 years. Conclusions Acute respiratory infectious diseases and injuries were common cause of two-week prevalence in residents aged <35 years. For residents aged ≥35 years, the proportion of chronic diseases increased with of age. The prevalence of chronic diseases in the prior six months was up to 28.92% in residents aged ≥15 years. Hypertension, diabetes and intervertebral disc disorders were common causes of chronic disease prevalence in residents aged ≥35 years in Hunan.