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摘要: 自从20世纪90年代以来，手机在世界各地、各个年龄层次得到了普及，在功能上也不断进化。而近些年来，随着信息科技的不断发展，亿万级用户量的手机应用软件不断涌现，人们使用手机的频率和强度较功能机时代越来越高。与此同时，在世界各地的调查中，与手机相关的成瘾问题显现出了很高的流行率。本文通过整合目前相关学者对于手机成瘾的不同描述，采纳了合适的手机成瘾定义，从而归纳了世界各地手机成瘾的流行率和危险因素，总结了目前发现的手机成瘾的危害，并汇总了手机成瘾的预防干预措施，以期对手机成瘾进行全面的描述，为分析手机成瘾的机制、制定有效的干预策略和寻找未来的研究方向提供整合性资料。Abstract: Since 1990s, mobile phones have been becoming popular around the world at all ages, and it provides more and more functions. In recent years, with the development of information technology, various mobile phone applications owning billions of users spring up continuously. At the same time, the frequency of mobile phone use is higher and higher than that in the era of functional phones. Additionally, mobile phone-related addiction problems have shown high prevalence in surveys around the world. In this paper, after integrating the different descriptions of relevant scholars for mobile phone addiction, we adopted the suitable definition of mobile phone addiction for the comprehensive description of the mobile phone addiction. Thereby, we summarized prevalence, risk factors, hazard, and interventions of mobile phone addiction around the world, providing integrated data for the analysis of the mobile phone addiction mechanism, the formulation of effective intervention strategies, and the exploration of future research direction.
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表 1 各国手机成瘾的流行率与危险因素
Table 1. Prevalence and risk factors of mobile phone addiction worldwide
地点 第一作者 调查时间 人群 抽样方法 样本量(人) 筛查量表 手机成瘾率(%) 危险因素 中国安徽 Chen[11] 2016 医学院大学生 NA 1 441 SAS-SV 29.8 男性：使用游戏软件、焦虑和差的睡眠质量；女性：使用多媒体软件、使用社交网络服务、抑郁、焦虑和差的睡眠质量 中国湖南 Long[12] 2015.4-2015.5 研究生 分层整群随机抽样 1 070 PCPUQ 21.3 主修人文科学、高收家庭入、严重的情绪症状、高感知压力和与完美主义相关的因素(对行为的高度怀疑，父母的期望高) 中国上海 兰玉坤[13] 2016.5-2016.9 在职人群 随机整群抽样 2 380 手机依赖量表 48.7 NA 美国 Smetaniuk[14] 2013 大学生/工作人群 方便抽样 663 ACPAT/MPPUS 10~25 年轻、抑郁、外向型、低冲动控制 瑞士 Haug[15] 2015.2-2015.6 15岁以上职业
学校学生整群随机抽样 1 519 SAS-SV 16.9 年轻(15~16岁)、父母均为移民、低体力活动、高压力 西班牙 Lopez-Fernandez O[16] 2015 大学中18岁
以上人群方便抽样 281 SAS-SV 12.5 NA 比利时 Lopez-Fernandez O[16] 2015 大学中18岁
以上人群方便抽样 144 SAS-SV 21.5 NA 英国 Lopez-Fernandez O [17] 2009.6-2010.7 11~18岁的
中学生非随机抽样 1 021 MPPUS 10 年轻(11~14岁)和就读公立学校 黎巴嫩 Nahas[18] 2018 18~65岁的
成年人电话随机抽样 207 MPPUS-10 20.2 年轻(18~34岁)、未婚、移动数据订阅 沙特阿拉伯 Alhazmi[19] 2017.7 大学生 分层随机抽样 181 SAS-SV 36.5 每日长时间的手机使用 印度 Davey[20] 1995.1-2014.5 青少年 NA 1 034 Meta分析 39~44 NA 韩国 Cha[21] 2018 13~15岁的
中学生分层随机抽样 1 824 SAPS 30.9 NA 注：NA：作者未提供相关信息；SAS-SV：智能手机成瘾短量表(smartphone addiction scale short version)；PCPUQ：问题性手机使用量表(problematic cellular phone use questionnaire); ACPAT：适应性手机成瘾测试(adapted cell phone addiction test)；MPPUS：问题性手机使用量表(mobile phone problem use scale); MPPUS-10:简化版MPPUS；SAPS : 智能手机成瘾倾向量表(smartphone addiction proneness scale)。 
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