Health risk assessment of Cadmium exposure on preschool children in a typical heavy metal polluted area
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摘要:
目的 评价典型重金属污染地区学龄前儿童镉(Cadmium, Cd)暴露健康风险。 方法 采集某典型重金属污染地区土壤样本和蔬菜可食用部位并检测其Cd浓度，查阅当地空气、小麦、水稻和水的Cd浓度，通过美国国家环境保护局推荐的健康风险评价模型评价当地学龄前儿童的Cd暴露健康风险，分别采用危险系数(hazard quotient, HQ)和终生增量致癌风险(incremental lifetime cancer risk, ILCR)评估非致癌风险和致癌风险。 结果 该地区学龄前儿童总的非致癌风险HQ总为4.14，HQ经口为4.10，HQ小麦为2.77，其他途径和介质HQ均＜1.00。该地区学龄前儿童总的致癌风险ILCR总为1.54×10-3。各途径中ILCR经口为1.53×10-3，各媒介中ILCR小麦＞ILCR蔬菜＞ILCR水稻＞1.00×10-4。 结论 该典型重金属污染地区学龄前儿童存在Cd暴露的非致癌风险和致癌风险。经口是Cd暴露的主要途径，小麦是非致癌风险的主要贡献者，小麦、蔬菜和水稻是致癌风险的主要贡献者。 Abstract:Objective To evaluate the health risk of Cadmium(Cd) on preschool children in a typical heavy metal polluted area. Methods We collected soil samples and edible parts of vegetables in a typical heavy metal contaminated area and detect the cadmium concentration, checked the cadmium concentration in the local air, wheat, rice and water, and evaluated the local preschool children's health through the health risk assessment model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency. For the health risks of cadmium exposure, hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were used to assess non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks. Results The total non-carcinogenic risk of preschool children in this area was 4.14, the HQ via ingestion and wheat intake were 4.10 and 2.77 respectively, and the others were all less than 1.00. The total carcinogenic risk of preschool children in this area was 1.54×10-3. The ILCR via ingestion was 1.53×10-3, and that via wheat intake > vegetables intake > rice intake > 1.00×10-4. Conclusions Preschool children in this typical heavy metal pollution area have non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of cadmium exposure. Oral is the main route of cadmium exposure, wheat is the main contributor to non-carcinogenic risk, and wheat, vegetables and rice are the main contributors to carcinogenic risk. -
Key words:
- Cadmium exposure /
- Preschool children /
- Non-carcinogenic risk /
- Carcinogenic risk
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图 1 本研究纳入评估的暴露途径和暴露媒介示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of exposure routes and media included in this study
表 1 健康风险评估相关参数名称及取值
Table 1. Health risk assessment related parameters and values
参数符号 参数名称 参数取值 单位 参数来源 参数符号 参数名称 参数取值 单位 参数来源 C Cd浓度 C小麦：0.60 mg/kg [8] ABS 皮肤吸收因子 0.001 ― [19] C水稻：0.09 mg/kg [16] PC 皮肤渗透系数 0.001 cm/h [14] C蔬菜：0.09 mg/kg 本研究 CF 体积转换因子 0.001 L·cm-3 [14] C土壤/尘：5.87 mg/kg 本研究 ET 暴露时间 洗澡：0.03~0.05 h/d [12] C饮水：0.002 a mg/L [17] 游泳：0.02~0.08 h/d [12] C空气：3.6×10-5 mg/m3 [18] 空气经皮肤：24 h/d 本研究 IR 摄入速率 IngR小麦/水稻：0.5×(127.8~189.0)×10-3 kg/d [12] EF 暴露频率 365 d/a [11] IngR蔬菜：(134.8~169.0)×10-3 kg/d [12] ED 暴露持续时间 调查对象的实足年龄 a 本研究 IngR土壤：(109.0~164.0)×10-6 kg/d [12] BW 体重 调查对象的体重 kg 本研究 InhR空气：7.5~8.9 m3/d [12] AT 平均暴露时间 非致癌风险：ED×EF d [11] IngR饮水：0.68~0.81 L/d [12] 致癌风险：70×EF d [11] PEF 灰尘排放因子 1.36×109 m3/kg [19] RfD 参考剂量 经口和呼吸：0.001 mg/(kg·d) [19] SA 皮肤表面积 全身：6 500~7 800 cm2 [12] 经皮肤：1×10-5 mg/(kg·d) [19] 头部和手：1 300~1 400 cm2 [12] SF 致癌斜率因子 经口和皮肤：6.1 (kg·d)/mg [19] SL 皮肤粘附系数 0.2 mg/(cm2 ·d) [19] 经呼吸：6.3 (kg·d)/mg [19] 注：a以相邻地区兰州市饮水中Cd浓度代替。 
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表 2 学龄前儿童体重(x±s)
Table 2. Weight of preschool children(x±s)
年龄(岁) 男 女 例数(n) 体重(kg) 例数(n) 体重(kg) 3~＜4 528 15.8±1.8 504 15.2±1.9 4~＜5 401 17.7±2.0 358 16.9±2.2 5~＜6 386 20.0±2.6 313 19.4±2.9
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表 3 蔬菜和土壤样品中的Cd浓度及参考限值(x±s)
Table 3. Cd concentration and reference limits in vegetable and soil samples (x±s)
样本名称 Cd浓度(mg/kg) 参考限值 蔬菜样本 茄子 0.142±0.019 0.05 菠菜 0.292±0.024 0.20 蚕豆 0.112±0.024 0.10 莴苣 0.102±0.011 0.10 豌豆 0.095±0.031 0.10 番茄 0.044±0.006 0.05 萝卜 0.083±0.008 0.10 胡萝卜 0.066±0.012 0.10 花菜 0.021±0.003 0.05 白菜 0.049±0.001 0.20 番瓜 0.009±0.002 0.05 土壤样本[M(P25, P75)] 5.865(1.258, 11.715) 4.00
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表 4 不同途径Cd暴露的HQ和ILCR值及其构成比
Table 4. HQ and ILCR values and their composition ratios of Cd exposure in different ways
年龄(岁) 经口 经皮肤 经呼吸 合计 HQ经口(%) ILCR经口(%) HQ经皮肤(%) ILCR经皮肤(%) HQ经呼吸(%) ILCR经呼吸(%) HQ总(%) ILCR总(%) 3~＜4 男 4.40(99.04) 1.34×10-3(99.56) 2.41×10-2(0.54) 7.35×10-8(0.01) 1.84×10-2(0.41) 5.80×10-6(0.43) 4.45(100.00) 1.35×10-3(100.00) 女 3.83(98.85) 1.17×10-3(99.52) 2.67×10-2(0.69) 8.14×10-8(0.01) 1.77×10-2(0.46) 5.58×10-6(0.48) 3.88(100.00) 1.17×10-3(100.00) 4~＜5 男 4.35(99.04) 1.63×10-3(99.57) 2.50×10-2(0.57) 8.41×10-8(0.01) 1.71×10-2(0.39) 6.92×10-6(0.42) 4.40(100.00) 1.64×10-3(100.00) 女 4.19(99.01) 1.56×10-3(99.56) 2.54×10-2(0.60) 8.47×10-8(0.01) 1.66×10-2(0.39) 6.73×10-6(0.43) 4.23(100.00) 1.57×10-3(100.00) 5~＜6 男 4.02(99.16) 1.81×10-3(99.56) 1.82×10-2(0.45) 6.22×10-8(0.00) 1.60×10-2(0.40) 7.93×10-6(0.44) 4.06(100.00) 1.82×10-3(100.00) 女 3.81(99.12) 1.69×10-3(99.56) 1.87×10-2(0.49) 6.38×10-8(0.00) 1.51×10-2(0.39) 7.46×10-6(0.44) 3.85(100.00) 1.69×10-3(100.00) 3~＜6 4.10(99.04) 1.53×10-3(99.56) 2.30×10-2(0.56) 7.49×10-8(0.00) 1.68×10-2(0.41) 6.74×10-6(0.44) 4.14(100.00) 1.54×10-3(100.00)
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表 5 不同介质经口途径Cd的日均暴露剂量ADD和非致癌风险HQ值及其构成比
Table 5. ADD and HQ values and their composition ratios of Cd exposure by ingestion
年龄(岁) 小麦 蔬菜 水稻 水 土壤 HQ小麦(%) ILCR小麦(%) HQ蔬菜(%) ILCR蔬菜(%) HQ水稻(%) ILCR水稻(%) HQ水(%) ILCR水(%) HQ土壤(%) ILCR土壤(%) 3~＜4 男 2.99(68.00) 9.13×10-4(68.00) 0.80(18.13) 2.43×10-4(18.13) 0.45(10.20) 1.37×10-4(10.20) 0.10(2.29) 3.07×10-5(2.29) 0.06(1.38) 1.85×10-5(1.38) 女 2.52(65.65) 7.67×10-4(65.65) 0.80(20.77) 2.43×10-4(20.77) 0.38(9.85) 1.15×10-4(9.85) 0.10(2.63) 3.08×10-5(2.63) 0.04(1.10) 1.28×10-5(1.10) 4~＜5 男 2.98(68.43) 1.17×10-3(71.53) 0.80(18.27) 2.43×10-4(14.86) 0.45(10.26) 1.75×10-4(10.73) 0.08(1.78) 3.04×10-5(1.86) 0.05(1.25) 1.66×10-5(1.02) 女 2.75(65.79) 1.08×10-3(69.24) 0.90(21.51) 2.75×10-4(17.60) 0.41(9.87) 1.62×10-4(10.39) 0.08(1.93) 3.17×10-5(2.03) 0.04(0.90) 1.16×10-5(0.74) 5~＜6 男 2.84(70.49) 1.36×10-3(75.18) 0.64(15.95) 1.96×10-4(10.83) 0.43(10.57) 2.04×10-4(11.28) 0.07(1.79) 3.45×10-5(1.91) 0.05(1.20) 1.47×10-5(0.81) 女 2.54(66.75) 1.22×10-3(72.28) 0.77(20.17) 2.35×10-4(13.90) 0.38(10.01) 1.83×10-4(10.84) 0.08(2.20) 4.02×10-5(2.38) 0.03(0.87) 1.01×10-5(0.60) 3~＜6 2.77(67.55) 1.08×10-3(70.73) 0.78(19.10) 2.39×10-4(15.59) 0.42(10.13) 1.63×10-4(10.61) 0.09(2.10) 3.30×10-5(2.16) 0.05(1.12) 1.40×10-5(0.92)
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