基于胜任力培育视角的中美预防医学专业本科教育模式及其内涵比较分析

范冠华; 邵瑞太; 李丽萍

doi:10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2023.12.016

基于胜任力培育视角的中美预防医学专业本科教育模式及其内涵比较分析

doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2023.12.016

范冠华^{1, 2},
邵瑞太³,
李丽萍^4, ,

1.
汕头大学医学院附属肿瘤医院，汕头 515041
2.
汕头大学医学院，汕头 515041
3.
北京协和医学院群医学与公共卫生学院，北京 100006
4.
汕头大学公共卫生学院，汕头 515041

基金项目:

中国工程院国际合作战略研究与咨询项目 2022-GJ-01

北京协和医学院群公学院群医学学科建设项目 WH10022021136

2022年度广东省本科高校教学质量与教学改革工程立项项目之高等教育教学改革 Yue Gao Jiao Han [2023] No. 4-581

广东省临床教学基地教学改革研究项目 2021JD062

详细信息

通讯作者:
李丽萍, E-mail: lpli@stu.edu.cn

中图分类号: R378.5
计量
- 文章访问数: 224
- HTML全文浏览量: 101
- PDF下载量: 19
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-01-05
- 修回日期: 2023-08-03
- 刊出日期: 2023-12-10

Comparative analysis of undergraduate education models and their implications in preventive medicine between China and the United States from the perspective of competency-based education

FAN Guanhua^{1, 2},
SHAO Ruitai³,
LI Liping^{4
, ,}

1.
Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
2.
Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
3.
School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
4.
School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China

Funds:

International Cooperation Strategy Research and Consultation Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering 2022-GJ-01

Population Public College of Peking Union Medical College, Population Medical Subject Construction Project WH10022021136

Higher Education Teaching Reform Project Under the 2022 Guangdong Province Undergraduate Universities Teaching Quality and Educational Reform Initiative Projects Yue Gao Jiao Han [2023] No. 4-581

Teaching Reform Research Project of Guangdong Provincial Clinical Teaching Base 2021JD062

More Information

Corresponding author: LI Liping, E-mail: lpli@stu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 基于胜任力培育视角，比较分析中美预防医学专业本科教育模式，指出我国预防医学教育存在的不足，并提出改革建议。研究表明，我国预防医学教育需面临的问题包括总体数量不足，教育培养体系不完善，重理论轻实践等，这些问题在新兴传染性疾病疫情中更为突出。本研究分析了中美两国预防医学专业本科课程体系，深入探讨了公共卫生教育与人才培养方向，并提出了针对我国公共卫生人才培养体系建设的建议。
- 公共卫生 /
- 预防医学 /
- 人才培养模式 /
- 教育教学体系改革
Abstract: From the perspective of competency development, a comparative analysis of the undergraduate education models in preventive medicine between China and the United States has been conducted, with the aim of identifying the shortcomings in China′s preventive medicine education and proposing reform suggestions. Research has shown that the problems China′s preventive medicine education must face include an overall insufficient quantity, an incomplete education and training system, and an emphasis on theory over practice, problems that became more prominent in the context of emerging infectious disease outbreaks. An in-depth analysis of the undergraduate curriculum systems in preventive medicine in both China and the United States was conducted, delving into the relationship between public health education and talent development directions. Based on this, suggestions were made for the construction of China′s public health talent training system.
- Public health /
- Preventive medicine /
- Talent development model /
- Education and teaching system reform

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图 1 中美公共卫生教育中人才培养模式的比较分析框架

Figure 1. Comparative analysis framework of talent development models in public health education between China and the United States

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表 1 美国本科预防医学类常见专业方向培养要求一览表

Table 1. List of training requirements for common preventive medicine majors in the United States

专业方向Professional direction	主要课程The main courses
流行病与卫生统计类方向 Epidemiology and health statistics direction	必修课程(公共卫生基础、流行病学、生物统计学Ⅰ、计划和评估、领导和沟通) Required courses (Public health fundamentals, epidemiology, biostatistics Ⅰ, planning and assessment, leadership and communication)
	重点推荐课程(生物统计、流行病学、健康促进、妇幼卫生、健康管理和政策、环境和职业健康等相关课程) Highly recommended courses (Biostatistics, epidemiology, health promotion, maternal and child health, health management and policy, environmental and occupational health, etc)
	生物统计核心课程6门(线性模型: 理论与应用、生存数据理论和模型、广义线性和混合模型、高级概率论、统计理论1和统计理论2) Biostatistics core courses: 6 (Linear models: theory and application, survival data theory and models, generalized linear and mixed models, advanced probability, statistical theory 1, statistical theory 2)
	公共卫生核心课程(公共卫生基础、流行病学) Public health core courses (Public health fundamentals, epidemiology)
	选修课程(分类数据分析、医学研究设计等) Elective courses (Categorical data analysis, medical research design, etc)
	其他生物医学/公共卫生相关课程 Other biomedical/Public health-related courses
环境与职业卫生类方向 Environmental and occupational health direction	环境卫生相关课程(公共卫生基础、职业与环境健康原则、环境暴露评价) Environmental health-related courses (Public health fundamentals, occupational and environmental health principles, environmental exposure assessment)
毒理学类方向 Toxicology direction	环境卫生与毒理学相关课程(公共卫生基础、毒理学原理、高级毒理学、研讨会) Environmental health and toxicology-related courses (Public health fundamentals, principles of toxicology, advanced toxicology, seminars)
	生物化学(大分子结构与功能、细胞与基因调控、分子细胞生物学、细胞信号转导) Biochemistry (Macromolecular structure and function, cell and gene regulation, molecular cell biology, cell signaling)
卫生服务研究、管理类方向 Health services research and management direction	核心课程: 卫生管理相关课程(美国医疗保健系统、卫生政策、卫生服务管理、卫生经济学、卫生保健组织理论和行为、卫生保健金融、公共卫生基础)、统计学(生物统计学Ⅰ、生物统计学Ⅱ、卫生服务研究中的定量方法)，研究设计(流行病学、卫生服务研究设计、定性研究方法)等 Core courses: Health management-related courses (U.S. healthcare system, health policy, health services management, health economics, healthcare organization theory and behavior, healthcare finance, public health fundamentals), Statistics (Biostatistics Ⅰ, biostatistics Ⅱ, quantitative methods in health services research), Research design (Epidemiology, health services research design, qualitative research methods), etc
	相关重点推荐课程，如研讨会(经济和卫生服务研究综合、卫生保健管理、卫生政策)和医学地理学在卫生服务研究中的应用 Related highly recommended courses, such as seminars (Integration of economics and health services research, healthcare management, health policy) and applications of medical geography in health services research
健康促进与疾病预防类方向 Health services research and management direction	健康促进(健康行为、健康教育干预、公共卫生的高级理论、公共卫生概论等) Health promotion (Health behavior, health education intervention, advanced theories in public health, introduction to public health, etc)
	研究相关课程(生物统计学Ⅰ、生物统计学Ⅱ、公共卫生中的流行病学、流行病学基础、卫生的应用研究、定性研究中的人文传统、公共卫生项目评估) Research-related courses (Biostatistics Ⅰ, biostatistics Ⅱ, epidemiology in public health, basic epidemiology, applied research in health, human traditions in qualitative research, public health project evaluation)
	卫生伦理学、研究指导Health ethics, research guidance

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表 2 美国公共卫生教育本科与硕士培养模式的比较

Table 2. Comparison of undergraduate and master′s training models in public health education in the United States

项目Project	公共卫生教育本科Bachelor of public health education	公共卫生硕士Master of public health
基础课程 Foundation course	通识课程+基础科学技能 General studies+Basic science skills	公共卫生技能相关课程 Public health skills related courses
核心课程 Core curriculum	公共卫生核心课程 Core curriculum in public health	研究方向相关课程 Research direction related courses
	公共卫生选修课 Public health electives	根据研究方向的相关选修课程 Elective courses according to the research direction
高级课程 Advanced course	基于社群工作的社区实践 Community based work practice	根据学习方向参加卫生机构或社区应用性实践 Participate in health institution or community application practice according to the learning direction

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表 3 国内高校的预防医学教育模式对应于传统的5个公共卫生核心技能一览表

Table 3. Comparison of preventive medicine education models in domestic universities with the traditional five core public health skills

核心知识领域 Quantitative exposure assessment	知识领域概念 Knowledge domain concept	常见课程 Common course	培养目标 Training objectives
卫生统计 Biostatistics	医学统计学应用概率论和数理统计基础原理研究医学领域数据处理 Medical statistics applies the basic principles of probability theory and mathematical statistics to study data processing in the medical field	医学统计学 Medical statistics	掌握医学统计学知识和技能，熟悉SPSS等常用统计软件 Master the knowledge and skills of medical statistics, familiar with SPSS and other common statistical software
环境与健康 Environment and health	研究环境与人群健康关系的环境卫生学 Environmental hygiene studies the relationship between the environment and population health	环境卫生学 Environmental health	理解环境与健康的关系，制定环境保护政策和防治措施 Understand the relationship between environment and health, formulate environmental protection policies and prevention measures
流行病学 Epidemiology	研究人群中疾病分布和防治策略的流行病学 The study of the epidemiology of disease distribution and prevention strategies in a population	流行病学 Epidemiology	掌握流行病学基本概念和原理，熟悉疾病预防策略和措施 Master the basic concepts and principles of epidemiology, and be familiar with disease prevention strategies and measures
健康政策与管理 Health policy and management	结合医学和行为科学的健康教育学 Health pedagogy combining medicine and behavioral sciences	健康教育学 Health pedagogy	理解健康教育学的基本结构和应用方法 Understand the basic structure and application of health education
行为与社会科学 Behavioral and social sciences	分析行为和社会因素影响公共卫生和人群健康 Analyze behavioral and social factors that influence public health and population health	暂无 Not available

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表 4 美国部分大学的公共卫生本科专业特色课程

Table 4. Specialty courses in undergraduate public health programs at selected U.S. universities

密歇根大学安娜堡分校 University of Michigan Ann Arbor	加州大学伯克利分校 University of California Berkeley	华盛顿大学 University of Washington
流行病学分析与R语言 Epidemiological analysis and R language	数据科学基础 Fundamentals of data Science	同一健康专题课程 One Health thematic course
卫生成本效益模型分析 Analysis of health cost-benefit model	时间序列导论 Introduction to time series	公共卫生领域的地理信息系统 Geographic information systems in public health
大数据时代转变分析学习 Transform analytical learning in the big data era	随机过程 Stochastic process	定量暴露评估 Quantitative exposure assessment

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5-1 2所高校本科公共卫生专业课程授课方式

5-1. Teaching methods of undergraduate public health courses in two universities

变量Variable	提供线上课程数量 ^① Number of online courses offered ^①	含小组学习 ^① Group learning included ^①	含讨论或研讨 ^① Discussion or discussion included ^①	提供课外阅读材料 ^① Provide extracurricular reading materials ^①
密歇根大学安娜堡分校University of Michigan Ann Arbor	20(100)	9(45)	18(90)	11(55)
华盛顿大学University of Washington	20(100)	13(65)	14(70)	12(60)
注：①以[课程数(占比/%)] 表示。 Note: ① [Number of courses (proportion/%)].

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5-2 2所高校本科公共卫生专业课程考核方式

5-2. Assessment methods of undergraduate public health courses in two universities

变量Variable	含考试 ^① Examination included ^①	含写作训练 ^① Writing training included ^①	含课堂表现 ^① Classroom performance included ^①	含课前测验 ^① Pre-class test included ^①	含演讲与汇报 ^① Speeches and presentations included ^①
密歇根大学安娜堡分校University of Michigan Ann Arbor	9(45)	12(60)	18(90)	2(10)	11(55)
华盛顿大学University of Washington	15(75)	10(50)	12(60)	12(60)	4(20)
①以[课程数(占比/%)] 表示。 Note: ① [Number of courses (proportion/%)].

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