Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship of thyroid nodules and obesity among Uygur and Han residents in a community of Urumqi. Methods A total of 2 068 community residents were investigated through questionnaires, medical examinations, and thyroid B ultrasound. Results The detection rate of thyroid nodule in this population was 27.6%, there was no significant difference (χ²=0.027, P=0.869) between Uyghur(27.4%) and Han nationality (27.8%); The detection rate of obesity was 30.0%, the prevalence was higher in Uyghur(38.9%) than Han nationality(21.1%), which has statistical significance (χ²=77.818, P<0.001); The detection rate of abdominal obesity was 66.6%, the prevalence was higher in Uyghur(70.2%) than Han nationality(63.0%), which has statistical significance (χ²=12.224, P<0.001). The detection rate of thyroid nodule was higher in people with obesity and abdominal obesity rather than non-obesity and non-abdominal obesity (all P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that older age, female, overweight and obesity were independent risk factors of thyroid nodule in the total population(all P<0.05). Respectively in male and female showed that older age, abdominal obesity were independent risk factors of thyroid nodule(all P<0.05). Conclusions The detection rate of thyroid nodules, obesity and abdominal obesity is higher in the study population. Older age, female, overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity are high-risk groups of thyroid nodule.