Abstract: Objective To understand the current situation of subjective well-being (SWB) and its influencing factors of rural elderly living alone in one area of Anhui Province and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the subjective well-being of the elderly. Methods A total of 679 rural elderly living alone in one area of Anhui Province were selected by cluster sampling. They were surveyed by the memorial university of newfoundland scale of happiness, social support rating scale and a self-designed general questionnaire. Results The average score of SWB of 679 rural elderly living alone was (32.05±10.87) points, which was at the middle level. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the SWB of rural elderly living alone was affected by monthly income, chronic diseases, physical exercise and social support. Monthly income was between 500 and 1 500 yuan (β=3.243, 95% CI:0.824-5.663), monthly income was more than 1 500 yuan (β=2.940, 95% CI:2.010-7.890), physical exercise (β=2.254, 95% CI:0.610-3.898), subjective support (β=1.314, 95% CI:1.029-1.600) and utilization of support (β=0.486, 95% CI:0.082-0.890) were positively associated with SWB. While chronic diseases (β=-3.586, 95% CI:-5.852——1.321) and objective support (β=-0.387,95% CI:-0.734——0.039) were negatively associated with SWB. Conclusions SWB of rural elderly living alone is affected by many factors. Special measures should be taken to improve the SWB.