山西省某煤矿集团男性职工职业暴露与子代常见疾病和发育行为障碍的相关性

陆嘉敏; 黎绮珊; 黎根元; 陈颖君; 付曦; 陈青松; 杨文翰

doi:10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2025.06.005

山西省某煤矿集团男性职工职业暴露与子代常见疾病和发育行为障碍的相关性

doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2025.06.005

陆嘉敏¹,
黎绮珊¹,
黎根元¹,
陈颖君²,
付曦³,
陈青松^{3, 4},
杨文翰^1, ,

1.
广东药科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系，广州 510006
2.
广东药科大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系，广州 510006
3.
广东药科大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系，广州 510006
4.
广东省公共卫生检测与评价工程技术研究中心，广州 510310

基金项目:

煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室项目 MEKLCEPP / SXMU-202306

详细信息

通讯作者:
杨文翰，E-mail: wenhan-yang@gdpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: R134; R179; R181.3
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-18
- 修回日期: 2025-05-18
- 网络出版日期: 2025-07-07
- 刊出日期: 2025-06-10

Association between occupational exposure of male workers and common diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of a coal mine group in Shanxi Province

1.
Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
3.
Department of Labour Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
4.
Guangdong Engineering Center for Testing and Evaluation of Public Health, Guangzhou 510310, China

Funds:

Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenesis and Prevention Project of the Ministry of Education MEKLCEPP / SXMU-202306

More Information

Corresponding author: YANG Wenhan, E-mail: wenhan-yang@gdpu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨山西省某煤矿集团男性职工职业暴露与子代常见疾病和发育行为障碍的关系，为煤矿职工子代疾病的早期防治提供参考依据。方法采用横断面调查的方法，于2023年对西山煤电(集团)有限责任公司某煤矿的在岗男性职工进行问卷调查，收集其社会人口学、生活方式和职业史等信息，并由研究对象报告子代的生长发育和常见疾病患病情况。运用logistic回归分析职业暴露与子代常见疾病和发育行为障碍的关系。结果共纳入7 085名男性煤矿职工，其子代总数为9 963名。调整混杂因素后，男性职工暴露于噪声(OR=1.559, 95% CI: 1.216~1.998)、粉尘(OR=1.425, 95% CI: 1.105~1.838)、有毒有害气体(OR=1.381, 95% CI: 1.096~1.740)、工频电场(OR=1.496, 95% CI: 1.050~2.131)和高湿环境(OR=1.441, 95% CI: 1.095~1.896)与子代常见疾病存在关联，尚未发现职业暴露与子代发育行为障碍之间的关联。结论噪声、粉尘、有毒有害气体、工频电场和高湿环境是子代常见疾病的危险因素。
- 职业暴露 /
- 子代 /
- 常见疾病 /
- 发育行为障碍
Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship between occupational exposure among male coal miners and common diseases and developmental behavioral disorders in their offspring, and to provide a reference for the early prevention of diseases in the offspring of coal miners. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 among on-the-job male coal miners in a coal mine of the Xishan Coal Electricity Company. Questionnaires were used to collect information on demographics, lifestyle, and occupational history, and the growth and development and the prevalence of common diseases incidence of the offspring. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between occupational exposure among coal miners and common diseases and developmental behavioral disorders in their offspring. Results A total of 7 085 male coal miners were included in the study, with 9 963 offspring reported. After adjusting for confounding factors, noise (OR=1.559, 95% CI: 1.216-1.998), dust (OR=1.425, 95% CI: 1.105-1.838), toxic and hazardous gases (OR=1.381, 95% CI: 1.096-1.740), power-frequency electric field (OR=1.496, 95% CI: 1.050-2.131), and high humidity environment (OR=1.441, 95% CI: 1.095-1.896) were associated with the risk of common diseases in offspring. No association was found between exposure factors and developmental behavioral diseases in offspring. Conclusions Noise, dust, toxic and hazardous gases, power frequency electric field, and high humidity environment are risk factors for common diseases in offspring.
- Occupational exposure /
- Offspring /
- Common diseases /
- Developmental behavioral disorders

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表 1 不同个体特征煤矿职工子代发育行为障碍、常见疾病报告情况

Table 1. Reported prevalence of developmental behavioral disorders and common diseases among coal mine workers′ offspring by individual characteristics

特征Characteristics	总人数 Number of total^②	发育行为障碍 Developmental behavioral disorders			常见疾病 Common diseases
特征Characteristics	总人数 Number of total^②	检出人数 Number of cases^②	χ²值value	P值value	检出人数 Number of cases^②	χ²值value	P值value
子代Offspring	9 963	132(1.32)			336(3.37)
性别Gender			1.810	0.179		6.263	0.012
男性Male	5 233(52.52)	77(1.47)			199(3.80)
女性Female	4 730(47.48)	55(1.16)			137(2.90)
年龄组/岁Age group/years			17.795	＜0.001		5.560	0.062
＜6	3 192(32.04)	21(0.66)			92(2.88)
6~＜12	4 039(40.54)	60(1.48)			135(3.34)
12~18	2 732(27.42)	51(1.87)			109(3.99)
胎次Birth order			8.178	0.017		27.811	＜0.001
第一胎First-born	7 085(71.11)	108(1.52)			282(3.98)
第二胎Second-born	2 761(27.71)	22(0.80)			52(1.88)
第三胎及以上Third-born and above	117(1.18)	2(1.71)			2(1.71)
早产Premature birth^①			16.180	＜0.001		26.348	＜0.001
否No	5 698(57.19)	57(1.00)			183(3.21)
是Yes	2 768(27.78)	57(2.06)			71(2.57)
缺失Missing	1 497(15.03)	18(1.20)			82(5.48)
低出生体重Low birth weight^①			29.028	＜0.001		2.517	0.284
否No	9 365(94.00)	110(1.17)			310(3.31)
是Yes	525(5.27)	18(3.43)			24(4.57)
缺失Missing	73(0.73)	4(5.48)			2(2.74)
男性职工Male employees	7 085	124(1.75)			314(4.43)
年龄组/岁Age group/years			8.972	0.011		6.835	0.033
＜30	246(3.47)	2(0.81)			4(1.63)
30~＜40	5 154(72.75)	79(1.53)			223(4.33)
≥40	1 685(23.78)	43(2.55)			87(5.16)
文化程度Educational level			2.100	0.350		2.004	0.367
初中及以下Junior high school and below	362(5.11)	9(2.49)			12(3.31)
高中High school	1 895(26.75)	37(1.95)			78(4.12)
大专及以上College and above	4 828(68.14)	78(1.62)			224(4.64)
饮酒Drinking			0.199	0.656		7.811	0.005
是Yes	4 365(61.61)	74(1.70)			217(4.97)
否No	2 720(38.39)	50(1.84)			97(3.57)
抽烟Smoking			0.910	0.634		2.168	0.338
是Current smoker	4 174(58.91)	78(1.87)			177(4.24)
否Non-smoker	2 572(36.30)	40(1.56)			117(4.55)
曾吸烟Former smoker	339(4.79)	6(1.77)			20(5.90)
工作场所Workplace			6.277	0.099		0.489	0.921
井下一线Underground front-line	1 446(20.41)	35(2.42)			63(4.36)
井下辅助Underground auxiliary	3 748(52.90)	54(1.44)			170(4.54)
地面工人Surface worker	942(13.30)	19(2.02)			38(4.03)
行政管理Administrative management	949(13.39)	16(1.69)			43(4.53)
工龄/年Seniority/year			8.952	0.030		5.484	0.140
≤5	1 213(17.12)	24(1.98)			44(3.63)
＞5~10	1 496(21.11)	15(1.00)			65(4.34)
＞10~15	2 277(32.14)	37(1.62)			95(4.17)
＞15	2 099(29.63)	48(2.29)			110(5.24)
家庭人均月收入/元Average monthly household income /yuan			2.060	0.560		9.811	0.020
≤3 000	3 077(43.43)	52(1.69)			159(5.17)
＞3 000~5 000	1 686(23.80)	35(2.08)			76(4.51)
＞5 000~10 000	1 886(26.62)	32(1.70)			65(3.45)
＞10 000	436(6.15)	5(1.15)			14(3.21)
婚姻状况Marital status			1.482	0.223		5.459	0.020
未婚及离异Unmarried and divorced	212(2.99)	6(2.83)			3(1.42)
已婚Married	6 873(97.01)	118(1.72)			312(4.54)
孩子个数Number of children			0.095	0.954		0.986	0.611
1个One	4 323(61.02)	74(1.71)			190(4.40)
2个Two	2 652(37.43)	48(1.81)			117(4.41)
≥3个Three and above	110(1.55)	2(1.82)			7(6.36)
注：①样本存在缺失值；②以人数(占比/%)表示。 Note: ① There are missing values in the sample; ② Number of people (proportion/%).

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表 2 不同胎次子代发育行为障碍、常见疾病报告情况

Table 2. Reported situations of developmental behavioral disorders and common diseases in offspring of different birth orders

变量 Variable	总人数 Total number of people^①(n=9 963)	第一胎 First-born^①(n=7 085)	第二胎 Second-born^①(n=2 761)	第三胎及以上 Third-born and above^①(n=117)
发育行为障碍Developmental behavioral disorders	132(1.32)	108(1.52)	22(0.80)	2(1.71)
脑瘫Cerebral palsy	11(0.11)	7(0.10)	4(0.14)	0(0.00)
智力低下Intellectual disability	13(0.13)	8(0.11)	5(0.18)	0(0.00)
多动症(注意力缺陷多动障碍) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	27(0.27)	26(0.37)	1(0.04)	0(0.00)
自闭症(孤独症) Autism spectrum disorder	12(0.12)	8(0.11)	3(0.11)	1(0.85)
学习困难(学习障碍) Learning difficulties (learning disorders)	26(0.26)	23(0.32)	3(0.11)	0(0.00)
感觉统合失调Sensory integration disorder	10(0.10)	9(0.13)	1(0.04)	0(0.00)
品行障碍Conduct disorder	14(0.14)	14(0.20)	0(0.00)	0(0.00)
抽动症Tic disorder	6(0.06)	5(0.07)	1(0.04)	0(0.00)
语言发育迟缓Language developmental delay	13(0.13)	13(0.18)	0(0.00)	0(0.00)
儿童精神分裂症Childhood schizophrenia	28(0.28)	22(0.31)	5(0.18)	1(0.85)
情绪障碍(包括焦虑症、抑郁症、创伤后应激障碍) Emotional disorders (including anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder)	2(0.02)	2(0.03)	0(0.00)	0(0.00)
其他Others	1(0.01)	1(0.01)	0(0.00)	0(0.00)
常见疾病Common diseases	336(3.37)	282(3.98)	52(1.88)	2(1.71)
出生缺陷Birth defects	24(0.24)	22(0.31)	1(0.04)	1(0.85)
过敏性疾病(如湿疹、过敏性皮炎、过敏性鼻炎等)Allergic diseases (such as eczema, allergic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, etc)	188(1.89)	163(2.30)	24(0.87)	1(0.85)
哮喘Asthma	25(0.25)	22(0.31)	3(0.11)	0(0.00)
儿童高血压Childhood hypertension	3(0.03)	3(0.04)	0(0.00)	0(0.00)
糖尿病Diabetes	2(0.02)	1(0.01)	1(0.04)	0(0.00)
弱视或斜视Amblyopia or strabismus	69(0.69)	59(0.83)	10(0.36)	0(0.00)
贫血Anemia	29(0.29)	20(0.28)	9(0.33)	0(0.00)
佝偻病Rickets	18(0.18)	14(0.20)	4(0.14)	0(0.00)
遗传代谢性疾病Inherited metabolic diseases	2(0.02)	1(0.01)	1(0.04)	0(0.00)
其他Others	27(0.27)	20(0.28)	7(0.25)	0(0.00)
注：①以人数(占比/%)表示。 Note: ①Number of people (proportion/%).

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表 3 不同暴露状况的煤矿职工其子代发育行为障碍、常见疾病情况

Table 3. Prevalence of developmental behavioral disorders and common diseases in offspring of coal mine workers with different exposure conditions

父亲暴露 Father′s exposure	总人数 Number of total^②	发育行为障碍 Developmental behavioral disorders			常见疾病 Common diseases
父亲暴露 Father′s exposure	总人数 Number of total^②	检出人数 Number of cases^②	χ²值value	P值value	检出人数 Number of cases^②	χ²值value	P值value
噪声Noise			1.154	0.283		9.641	0.002
无No	3 924(39.39)	46(34.85)			105(31.25)
有Yes	6 039(60.61)	86(65.15)			231(68.75)
粉尘Dust			3.233	0.072		6.777	0.009
无No	6 403(64.27)	75(56.82)			95(28.27)
有Yes	3 560(35.73)	57(43.18)			241(71.73)
有毒有害气体Toxic and harmful gases			0.881	0.348		8.342	0.004
无No	3 480(34.93)	41(31.06)			191(56.85)
有Yes	6 483(65.07)	91(68.94)			145(43.15)
有机溶剂Organic solvents			0.107	0.744		＜0.01	0.985
无No	9 609(96.45)	128(96.97)			324(96.43)
有Yes	354(3.55)	4(3.03)			12(3.57)
工频电场Power-frequency electric field			0.125	0.724		7.144	0.008
无No	9 213(92.47)	121(91.67)			298(88.69)
有Yes	750(7.53)	11(8.33)			38(11.31)
电离辐射Ionizing radiation			0.001	0.983		0.053	0.819
无No	9 514(95.49)	126(95.45)			320(95.24)
有Yes	449(4.51)	6(4.55)			16(4.76)
高温High temperature			0.035	0.851		0.082	0.775
无No	9 087(91.21)	121(91.67)			305(90.77)
有Yes	876(8.79)	11(8.33)			31(9.23)
高湿High humidity			1.680	0.195		6.212	0.013
无No	8 269(83.00)	104(78.79)			262(77.98)
有Yes	1 694(17.00)	28(21.21)			74(22.02)
注：①以人数(占比/%)表示。 Note: ① Number of people (proportion/%).

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表 4 父亲职业暴露与子代发育行为障碍、常见疾病的回归分析

Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of father′s occupational exposure and developmental behavioral disorders and common diseases in offspring

父亲暴露 Father′s exposure	发育行为障碍Developmental behavioral disorders
	模型1 Model 1		模型2 Model 2		模型3 Model 3
	OR值value(95% CI)	P值value	OR值value(95% CI)	P值value	OR值value(95% CI)	P值value
噪声Noise
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.218(0.849~1.746)	0.284	1.232(0.859~1.767)	0.257	1.230(0.840~1.808)	0.285
粉尘Dust
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.194(0.824~1.730)	0.349	1.223(0.844~1.773)	0.288	1.224(0.825~1.818)	0.316
有毒有害气体Toxic and harmful gases
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.373(0.971~1.942)	0.073	1.371(0.969~1.941)	0.075	1.374(0.952~1.984)	0.089
有机溶剂Organic solvents
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	0.847(0.311~2.303)	0.744	0.828(0.304~2.255)	0.711	0.756(0.275~2.079)	0.588
工频电场Power-frequency electric field
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.118(0.601~2.083)	0.724	1.123(0.603~2.093)	0.714	1.170(0.621~2.205)	0.627
电离辐射Ionizing radiation
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.009(0.442~2.302)	0.983	0.995(0.436~2.272)	0.991	0.926(0.401~2.135)	0.856
高温High temperature
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	0.942(0.506~1.754)	0.851	0.920(0.496~1.720)	0.802	0.829(0.441~1.558)	0.560
高湿High humidity
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.320(0.867~2.010)	0.196	1.316(0.863~2.006)	0.202	1.284(0.827~1.994)	0.266

父亲暴露 Father′s exposure	常见疾病Common diseases
	模型1 Model 1		模型2 Model 2		模型3 Model 3
	OR值value(95% CI)	P值value	OR值value(95% CI)	P值value	OR值value(95% CI)	P值value
噪声Noise
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.446(1.144~1.828)	0.002	1.446(1.144~1.828)	0.002	1.559(1.216~1.998)	0.009
粉尘Dust
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.375(1.081~1.750)	0.010	1.384(1.087~1.762)	0.008	1.425(1.105~1.838)	0.006
有毒有害气体Toxic and harmful gases
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.381(1.109~1.721)	0.004	1.377(1.105~1.716)	0.004	1.381(1.096~1.740)	0.006
有机溶剂Organic solvents
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.006(0.560~1.807)	0.985	0.993(0.552~1.787)	0.983	1.017(0.563~1.837)	0.956
工频电场Power-frequency electric field
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.597(1.130~2.257)	0.008	1.600(1.132~2.263)	0.008	1.496(1.050~2.131)	0.026
电离辐射Ionizing radiation
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.062(0.637~1.770)	0.819	1.056(0.633~1.761)	0.835	1.040(0.620~1.744)	0.882
高温High temperature
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.056(0.725~1.539)	0.775	1.043(0.716~1.520)	0.826	1.117(0.761~1.637)	0.572
高湿High humidity
无No	1.000		1.000		1.000
有Yes	1.396(1.073~1.817)	0.013	1.397(1.073~1.819)	0.013	1.441(1.095~1.896)	0.009
注：模型1为粗模型；模型2调整了子代年龄、性别；模型3在模型2的基础上调整了父亲年龄、文化程度、吸烟、饮酒、工作场所、工龄、家庭人均月收入、婚姻状况、早产和低出生体重。 Note: Model 1 was a crude model; Model 2 adjusted for offspring age and gender; Model 3 adjusted for paternal age, education, smoking, drinking, workplace, length of service, family income, marital status, preterm birth, and low birth weight on the basis of model 2.

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特征Characteristics	总人数 Number of total^②	发育行为障碍 Developmental behavioral disorders			常见疾病 Common diseases
特征Characteristics	总人数 Number of total^②	检出人数 Number of cases^②	χ²值value	P值value	检出人数 Number of cases^②	χ²值value	P值value
子代Offspring	9 963	132(1.32)			336(3.37)
性别Gender			1.810	0.179		6.263	0.012
男性Male	5 233(52.52)	77(1.47)			199(3.80)
女性Female	4 730(47.48)	55(1.16)			137(2.90)
年龄组/岁Age group/years			17.795	＜0.001		5.560	0.062
＜6	3 192(32.04)	21(0.66)			92(2.88)
6~＜12	4 039(40.54)	60(1.48)			135(3.34)
12~18	2 732(27.42)	51(1.87)			109(3.99)
胎次Birth order			8.178	0.017		27.811	＜0.001
第一胎First-born	7 085(71.11)	108(1.52)			282(3.98)
第二胎Second-born	2 761(27.71)	22(0.80)			52(1.88)
第三胎及以上Third-born and above	117(1.18)	2(1.71)			2(1.71)
早产Premature birth^①			16.180	＜0.001		26.348	＜0.001
否No	5 698(57.19)	57(1.00)			183(3.21)
是Yes	2 768(27.78)	57(2.06)			71(2.57)
缺失Missing	1 497(15.03)	18(1.20)			82(5.48)
低出生体重Low birth weight^①			29.028	＜0.001		2.517	0.284
否No	9 365(94.00)	110(1.17)			310(3.31)
是Yes	525(5.27)	18(3.43)			24(4.57)
缺失Missing	73(0.73)	4(5.48)			2(2.74)
男性职工Male employees	7 085	124(1.75)			314(4.43)
年龄组/岁Age group/years			8.972	0.011		6.835	0.033
＜30	246(3.47)	2(0.81)			4(1.63)
30~＜40	5 154(72.75)	79(1.53)			223(4.33)
≥40	1 685(23.78)	43(2.55)			87(5.16)
文化程度Educational level			2.100	0.350		2.004	0.367
初中及以下Junior high school and below	362(5.11)	9(2.49)			12(3.31)
高中High school	1 895(26.75)	37(1.95)			78(4.12)
大专及以上College and above	4 828(68.14)	78(1.62)			224(4.64)
饮酒Drinking			0.199	0.656		7.811	0.005
是Yes	4 365(61.61)	74(1.70)			217(4.97)
否No	2 720(38.39)	50(1.84)			97(3.57)
抽烟Smoking			0.910	0.634		2.168	0.338
是Current smoker	4 174(58.91)	78(1.87)			177(4.24)
否Non-smoker	2 572(36.30)	40(1.56)			117(4.55)
曾吸烟Former smoker	339(4.79)	6(1.77)			20(5.90)
工作场所Workplace			6.277	0.099		0.489	0.921
井下一线Underground front-line	1 446(20.41)	35(2.42)			63(4.36)
井下辅助Underground auxiliary	3 748(52.90)	54(1.44)			170(4.54)
地面工人Surface worker	942(13.30)	19(2.02)			38(4.03)
行政管理Administrative management	949(13.39)	16(1.69)			43(4.53)
工龄/年Seniority/year			8.952	0.030		5.484	0.140
≤5	1 213(17.12)	24(1.98)			44(3.63)
＞5~10	1 496(21.11)	15(1.00)			65(4.34)
＞10~15	2 277(32.14)	37(1.62)			95(4.17)
＞15	2 099(29.63)	48(2.29)			110(5.24)
家庭人均月收入/元Average monthly household income /yuan			2.060	0.560		9.811	0.020
≤3 000	3 077(43.43)	52(1.69)			159(5.17)
＞3 000~5 000	1 686(23.80)	35(2.08)			76(4.51)
＞5 000~10 000	1 886(26.62)	32(1.70)			65(3.45)
＞10 000	436(6.15)	5(1.15)			14(3.21)
婚姻状况Marital status			1.482	0.223		5.459	0.020
未婚及离异Unmarried and divorced	212(2.99)	6(2.83)			3(1.42)
已婚Married	6 873(97.01)	118(1.72)			312(4.54)
孩子个数Number of children			0.095	0.954		0.986	0.611
1个One	4 323(61.02)	74(1.71)			190(4.40)
2个Two	2 652(37.43)	48(1.81)			117(4.41)
≥3个Three and above	110(1.55)	2(1.82)			7(6.36)
注：①样本存在缺失值；②以人数(占比/%)表示。 Note: ① There are missing values in the sample; ② Number of people (proportion/%).

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山西省某煤矿集团男性职工职业暴露与子代常见疾病和发育行为障碍的相关性

doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2025.06.005

通讯作者:
杨文翰，E-mail: wenhan-yang@gdpu.edu.cn

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Association between occupational exposure of male workers and common diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of a coal mine group in Shanxi Province

Corresponding author: YANG Wenhan, E-mail: wenhan-yang@gdpu.edu.cn

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山西省某煤矿集团男性职工职业暴露与子代常见疾病和发育行为障碍的相关性

doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2025.06.005

通讯作者: 杨文翰，E-mail: wenhan-yang@gdpu.edu.cn

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Association between occupational exposure of male workers and common diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of a coal mine group in Shanxi Province

Corresponding author: YANG Wenhan, E-mail: wenhan-yang@gdpu.edu.cn

计量

出版历程

目录

通讯作者:
杨文翰，E-mail: wenhan-yang@gdpu.edu.cn